A Chronology of the Conflict - 1970

1970

January 1970

Thursday 1 January 1970
The Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) came into existence but was to become operational on 1 April 1970.

Sunday 11 January 1970
Sinn Féin Split
Sinn Féin (SF) held an Ard Fheis (party conference) in Dublin at which the party split between those who were in favour of ending the policy of abstentionism - of not taking any seats won in the parliaments of Dublin, Belfast, and London - and those where against. A majority of delegates (although not the two-thirds required under the party's rules to change policy) were in favour of ending the abstentionist policy. Those opposed to the move, 257 supporters of the 'Provisional Army Council', walked out of the meeting thus leaving the organisation and later established offices in Kevin Street, Dublin. This new grouping became know as 'Provisional Sinn Féin' (PSF). The majority who remained behind continued to occupy the offices in Gardiner Place, Dublin, and were known as 'Official Sinn Féin' (OSF). [This split mirrored the split that had occurred on 28 December 1969 when the Irish Republican Army (IRA) broke up into the Provisional IRA (PIRA) and Official IRA (OIRA).]

Wednesday 14 January 1970
Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) officers began to patrol the Falls Road area of Belfast for the first time since August 1969.

[ NAI Records – January 1970. ]

February 1970

Sunday 1 February 1970
Chichester-Clark, then Northern Ireland Prime Minister, and Brian Faulkner, Minister of Development met with James Callaghan, then British Home Secretary, on matters related to the Northern Ireland economy.

Wednesday 4 February 1970
[ Policing; Law Order; Political Developments. ]

Monday 16 February 1970
The trial began of five men accused of conspiring to cause an explosion at a water pipeline at Dunadry, County Antrim on 24 April 1969. The trial took place at Crumlin Road Courthouse, Belfast. [The explosion was believed to have been carried out by Loyalists who were looking to destabilise Terence O'Neill, then Northern Ireland Prime Minister.]

Wednesday 18 February 1970
The Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) exploded a bomb at a 240-foot radio mast on Mongary Hill, near Raphoe, County Donegal, Republic of Ireland. The explosion put the transmitter out of action. The mast had allowed Radio Éireann programmes to be received over a greater area of Northern Ireland than had been the case. [The UVF claimed responsibility for this bomb in a statement issued on 19 February 1970.]
There was a small bomb explosion inside the Crumlin Road Courthouse, Belfast. The explosion occurred in a corridor outside the courtroom where five men were on trial of causing an explosion at a water pipeline at Dunadry, County Antrim on 24 April 1969.

Thursday 19 February 1970
[ Political Developments; Victims. ]

Friday 20 February 1970
Five men who had been accused of conspiring to cause an explosion at a water pipeline at Dunadry, County Antrim on 24 April 1969, were acquitted by the jury which took four and a half hours to reach its verdict. The trial had started on 16 February 1970 at Crumlin Road Courthouse, Belfast.

[ NAI Records – February 1970. ]

March 1970

Tuesday 10 March 1970
Members of the Stormont parliament were given police protection.

Wednesday 18 March 1970
Five Unionist Members of Parliament (MPs), including William Craig and Harry West, were expelled from the Unionist Parliamentary Party.

Thursday 26 March 1970
The Police (Northern Ireland) Act became law. The act provided for the disarmament of the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) and the establishment of an RUC reserve force. The Act established the Police Authority of Northern Ireland (PANI) which was meant to contain representatives from across the community. [None of the main Nationalist parties have ever taken part in the PANI.]
A bomb explosion damaged an electricity sub-station at Greenhills Road, Tallaght, Dublin, Republic of Ireland, at approximately 5.30 am. [An anonymous type-written statement, believed to be from the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), claimed responsibility for the bomb.]

Sunday 29 March 1970
There were serious disturbances in Derry following a march to commemoration the Easter Rising. The British Army later established a cordon around parts of the Bogside.

Tuesday 31 March 1970
There were riots in the Springfield Road area of Belfast following an Orange parade. The British Army used 'snatch squads' to make arrests of Catholic youths. The confrontations were intense with 38 soldiers injured together with an unknown number of civilians. The Army used CS gas for the first time in large quantities.

[ NAI Records – March 1970. ]

April 1970

Wednesday 1 April 1970
UDR Began Operations
Serious riots continued in the Ballymurphy estate in Belfast between Catholic residents and the British Army.
The Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) became operational. The UDR was introduced to replace the 'B-Specials' (the Ulster Special Constabulary). The UDR was a locally recruited regiment of the British Army. Roy Hattersley, then Minister of Defence, visited Northern Ireland to mark the occasion. [Initially Catholics formed 18 per cent of the membership of the UDR, however it was to become almost exclusively Protestant and in its time attract almost as much controversy as the 'B-Specials'. Many ex-members of the 'B-Specials' joined the new force.]

Thursday 2 April 1970
Serious rioting continued in Belfast.

Friday 3 April 1970
As part of a new 'get tough' policy, Ian Freeland, the General Officer Commanding (GOC) the British Army, warned that those throwing petrol bombs could be shot dead if, after a warning, they did not stop using them. If arrested those using petrol bombs could face a sentence of 10 years in prison.
A member of the Garda Siochana (Irish police) was shot dead during a robbery in Dublin, Republic of Ireland.

Thursday 16 April 1970
Paisley Won Stormont By-Election
In a by-election to the Stormont parliament, Ian Paisley, standing on behalf of Protestant Unionist, won the seat formerly held by Terence O'Neill. Terence O'Neill, the former Northern Ireland Prime Minister, had vacated his seat following his elevation to the peerage. A second person, William Beattie, was also elected for Protestant Unionist. These elections provided further evidence of the break-up of the unionist block and the unease among a large section of Protestants about the reform measures introduced under Chichester-Clark, then Northern Ireland Prime Minister.

Tuesday 21 April 1970
Alliance Party Formed
The Alliance Party of Northern Ireland (APNI) was formed. The founders of the party were attempting to appeal to Catholics and Protestant to unite in support of moderate policies. [Oliver Napier became leader of the party in 1972.]

Wednesday 22 April 1970
[ Law Order. ]

Thursday 30 April 1970
'B-Specials' Disbanded
The 'B-Specials' (the Ulster Special Constabulary) were officially disbanded. The USC had been replaced by the Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) on 1 April 1970.
[ Law Order; Policing. ]

[ NAI Records – April 1970. ]

May 1970

Wednesday 6 May 1970
Jack Lynch, then Taoiseach (Irish Prime Minister), sacked Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney, then both ministers in the Irish government, over allegations of illegal arms importation. Lynch then survived a vote of confidence in the government. [On 28 May 1970 Haughey and Blaney appeared in court at the beginning of what became known as the 'Arms Trial'.]

Thursday 28 May 1970
Arms Trial Began
Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney, both former Irish government ministers, together with two other men James Kelly (Captain), then an Irish Army Intelligence Officer, and John Kelly, a Belfast Republican, were charged in a Dublin court with conspiracy to illegally import arms for use by the Irish Republican Army (IRA). It was alleged that the arms were to be smuggled to the IRA in Northern Ireland. The men denied any involvement in the affair. [This was the first day of the 'Arms Trial'. Blaney was found not guilty on 2 July 1970, Haughey and the others were found not guilty on 23 October 1970.

Friday 29 May 1970
The Macrory Report, Review Body on Local Government in Northern Ireland (Cmd 546), dealing with local government structures was published. The main recommendation is the abolition of the old structure of local government and its replacement with 26 new district councils. The new system would also involve the creation of area boards to manage the health, education, and library services in Northern Ireland. It was envisaged that the control of the new system would rest with the Northern Ireland government. [Following the introduction of direct rule on 30 March 1972 much of the control of the main services passed effectively to Westminster. Elected councillors only had responsibility for a number of matters including refuse collection, public conveniences, crematoria and cemeteries ('bins, bogs and burials' as it was termed in Northern Ireland). The term 'the Macrory Gap was coined to highlight the lack of local accountability on the part of those controlling the centralised services.]

[ NAI Records – May 1970. ]

June 1970

Thursday 18 June 1970
Westminster General Election
A general election was held across the United Kingdom with the Conservative Party replacing the Labour Party to form the government at Westminster. Edward Heath became Prime Minister. Reginald Maudling, was appointed as Home Secretary and had responsibility for Northern Ireland. In Northern Ireland the Unionist Party held 'only' eight of the 12 seats. Ian Paisley, gained North Antrim, Frank McManus, a Nationalist unity candidate, gained Fermanagh-South Tyrone, Gerry Fitt held West Belfast and Bernadette Devlin held Mid-Ulster.

Friday 19 June 1970
[ Political Developments. ]

Monday 22 June 1970
Bernadette Devlin, then Member of Parliament (MP), lost her appeal against a six-month prison sentence imposed for taking part in riots in Derry. She was arrested on 26 June 1970.

Tuesday 23 June 1970
A five-year economic plan was published for Northern Ireland?

Thursday 25 June 1970
[ Political Developments. ]

Friday 26 June 1970
Five People Killed by Fire
Four people were killed, and one mortally wounded (died 8 July 1970), by a fire at a house in the Creggan estate, Derry. Three of those killed were members of the Irish Republican Army (IRA). It is believed that they were preparing incendiary devices (probably petrol bombs), in the house of one of the IRA members, when a premature explosion in the kitchen caused an intense fire. Two young girls, aged 9 years and 4 years, the daughters of one of the IRA members, were found by fire officers in a bedroom of the house and died soon after in hospital. The girls were the first females to die in 'the Troubles'. [There had been rioting in Derry and it is thought that the petrol bombs were intended to be transported to the scene of the riots. There is some uncertainty as to the date of this incident as it occurred around midnight. An IRA plaque close to the site gives the date as 27 June 1970.]

Bernadette Devlin, Member of Parliament (MP), was arrested and jailed for six months for riotous behaviour during the 'Battle of the Bogside'. There was rioting between the British Army and local residents in Derry following the news of the arrest. The riots spread to Belfast.

Saturday 27 June 1970
Major Gun Battle in Belfast
There was serious rioting in Belfast involving Protestants and Catholics. During the evening groups of Loyalist rioters began to make incursions into the Catholic Short Strand enclave of east Belfast. Catholics in the area believed that they were going to be burnt out of their homes and claimed that there were no British Army troops on the streets to protect the area. Members of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) took up sniping positions in the grounds of St Matthew's Catholic Church and engaged in a prolonged gun battle with the Loyalists. This was the most significant IRA operation to date. Across Belfast six people were killed of whom five were Protestants shot by the IRA.

A Protestant man was mortally wounded when struck on the head by a missile. He died on 3 July 1970.

Sunday 28 June 1970
Around 500 Catholic workers at the Harland and Wolff shipyard were forced to leave their work by Protestant employees. Most of the Catholic workers were unable to return and lost their jobs. Serious rioting continued in Belfast.

Tuesday 30 June 1970
[ Political Developments. ]

[ NAI Records – June 1970. ]

July 1970

Wednesday 1 July 1970
Reginald Maudling, then Home Secretary, paid a visit to Northern Ireland. [As he boarded the flight out of Northern Ireland again he was reported to have said: "For God's sake bring me a large Scotch. What a bloody awful country!".]
The Criminal Justice (Temporary Provisions) Act was passed by the Stormont government introducing a mandatory prison sentence of six months for rioting.

Thursday 2 July 1970
Neil Blaney was found not guilty of illegal arms importation by a Dublin jury. The 'Arms Trial' had begun on 28 May 1970. [The case against Charles Haughey continued until 23 October 1970.]
The Prevention of Incitement to Hatred Act (Northern Ireland) was introduced. [It proved difficult to secure convictions under the provisions of the Act and it was seldom enforced.]
There was a bomb explosion on the railway line between Dublin and Belfast at Baldoyle, Dublin, Republic of Ireland. [Garda Síochána later said that they believed the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) was responsible for the attack.]

Friday 3 July 1970
Falls Road Curfew
Beginning in the afternoon, the British Army carried out extensive house searches in the Falls Road area of Belfast for members of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and IRA arms. A military curfew was imposed on the area for a period of 34 hours with movement of people heavily restricted. The house searches lasted for two days and involved considerable destruction to many houses and their contents. During the searches the army uncovered a lot of illegal arms and explosives. However the manner in which the searches were conducted broke any remaining goodwill between the Catholic community and the British Army. During the period of the curfew there were gun battles between both wings of the IRA and the Army. Two people were killed by the British Army during the violence; one of them deliberately run over by an Army vehicle. Another person was shot and mortally wounded by the Army and died on 10 July 1970.
See: Government records and publications about the Curfew

Saturday 4 July 1970
The Falls Road curfew continued throughout the day. A man was killed by the British Army.
      [ Law Order. ]

Sunday 5 July 1970
At approximately nine in the morning the Falls Road curfew was lifted after a march by women had breached the British Army cordon. The women, mainly from the Andersonstown area of west Belfast, had brought supplies of basic foodstuff and marched to the Falls area. The British soldiers initially tried to hold back the women but were forced to let them through; so ending the curfew. [It was later reported that two Unionist ministers, William Long and John Brooke, had been driven through the area in British Army vehicles.]

Monday 6 July 1970
Patrick Hillery, then Irish Minister for External Affairs, paid an unofficial visit to the Falls Road area of Belfast. The visit was criticised by Chichester-Clark, then Northern Ireland Prime Minister, and by the British government.
[ Law Order. ]

Tuesday 7 July 1970
[ Political Developments; Law Order. ]

Thursday 9 July 1970
[ Political Developments; Law Order. ]

Friday 10 July 1970
[ Law Order. ]

Monday 13 July 1970
The annual 'Twelfth' parades pass off without serious incident. [These parades are not normally held on a Sunday hence they took place on 13 July.]

Thursday 16 July 1970
There was a bomb explosion at the city-centre offices of Northern Bank, High Street, Belfast at 2.23 pm. 31 people were injured in the explosion with nine being detained in hospital and three reported as being seriously injured. The Provisional Irish Republican Army was responsible for the bomb which was estimated to have contained approximately 8lbs of explosives.

Friday 17 July 1970
Chichester-Clark, then Northern Ireland Prime Minister, and Robert Porter, then Minister of Home Affairs, met with Reginald Maulding, then British Home Secretary, in London.

Monday 20 July 1970
[ Political Developments; Law Order. ]

Thursday 23 July 1970
A ban on parades and public processions until January 1971 was announced by the Stormont government.

Thursday 30 July 1970
There were further riots in Belfast.

Friday 31 July 1970
Daniel O'Hagan (19), a Catholic civilian, was shot dead by the British Army during a serious riot in the New Lodge Road area of Belfast.

[ NAI Records – July 1970. ]

August 1970

Sunday 2 August 1970
Rubber Baton Rounds Introduced
The British Army began to use 'rubber bullets' (baton rounds) for riot control. [Between their introduction and their replacement with the 'plastic bullet' in 1975, approximately 55,000 were fired by the Army. The rounds were intended to be fired at the legs of rioters or the ground in front of rioters were the bullet would bounce, losing some of its velocity, and then hit the intended target. Often the weapons were fired directly at people at close range and on a number of occasions at civilians who were totally innocent. These weapons were to result in a number of deaths and serious injuries.]

Monday 3 August 1970
[ Law Order. ]

Monday 10 August 1970
Reginald Maulding, then British Home Secretary, threatened to impose direct rule on Northern Ireland if the agreed reform measures were not carried out.

Tuesday 11 August 1970
Two Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) officers were killed by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) when they set off a booby trap bomb planted in a car near Crossmaglen, County Armagh.

Wednesday 12 August 1970
[ Victims. ]

Friday 21 August 1970
SDLP Formed
The Social and Democratic Labour Party (SDLP) was established. The first leader of the party was Gerry Fitt and the deputy leader John Hume. Other prominent members included, Paddy Devlin, Austin Currie, Ivan Cooper, Paddy O'Hanlon and Paddy Wilson. [The party effectively took over from most of the various Nationalist and Labour party groupings and became the main political voice of Nationalists in Northern Ireland until Sinn Fein began to contest elections in the early 1980s.]

Wednesday 26 August 1970
Robert Porter, then Minister of Home Affairs, resigned from the Stormont government. [The official reason was given as 'health' but Porter later said that he had not been consulted about the Falls Road curfew. Initially Chichester-Clark, then Northern Ireland Prime Minister, took over responsibility for Home Affairs, but later appointed John Taylor who was very critical of the reform programme.]

Monday 31 August 1970
[ Policing. ]

[ NAI Records – August 1970. ]

September 1970

Tuesday 1 September 1970
[ Policing. ]

Thursday 3 September 1970
[ Policing. ]

Friday 4 September 1970
An Irish Republican Army (IRA) member, Michael Kane (35), was killed in the premature explosion of the bomb he was planting at an electricity transformer in Belfast.

Wednesday 9 September 1970
[ Policing. ]

Monday 14 September 1970
Economic Council for Northern Ireland held its first meeting.

Tuesday 15 September 1970
Another landmark in the violence was reached when the one hundredth explosion in 1970 occurred.
Officers of the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) voted narrowly in favour of remaining unarmed. [The policy was overtaken by events and eventually all officers were rearmed.]
[ Policing. ]

Thursday 17 September 1970
[ Victims. ]

Wednesday 23 September 1970
Arthur Young, then Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), announced his resignation as from 23 November 1970.
[ Policing. ]

Saturday 26 September 1970
There was serious trouble in Belfast when groups of Protestant youths attacked the Catholic Unity Flats. Rioting continued in the Protestant Shankill Road area for four nights.

Monday 28 September 1970
[ Law Order. ]

Wednesday 30 September 1970
A Protestant man was shot and killed by Loyalists in Belfast. ['Lost Lives' claimed that the Ulster Defence Association (UDA) was responsible.]
      [ Political Developments. ]

[ NAI Records – September 1970. ]

October 1970

Friday 2 October 1970
It was announced that local government elections would be postponed. [The next local government elections took place on 30 May 1973.]

Thursday 8 October 1970
The Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) proposed that a system of Proportional Representation (PR) should be used in elections in Northern Ireland. [PR was introduced on 30 May 1973 for local government elections.]

Sunday 11 October 1970
A claim of maladministration in housing allocation against Dungannon Rural District Council was upheld by the Commissioner for Complaints.

Tuesday 13 October 1970
A man died in a premature explosion in Dublin, Republic of Ireland.

Thursday 15 October 1970
[ Law Order. ]

Wednesday 21 October 1970
Bernadette Devlin was released from prison having served four months of her six month sentence for riotous behaviour.

Friday 23 October 1970
Charles Haughey, and two others were found not guilty of illegal arms importation by a Dublin jury. The 'Arms Trial' had begun on 28 May 1970. Neil Blaney, a co-accused, had been found not guilty on 2 July 1970.

Thursday 29 October 1970
The Electoral Reform Society called for the introduction of Proportional Representation (PR) in elections in Northern Ireland.
[ Political Developments. ]

Friday 30 October 1970
There were serious riots in the Catholic Ardoyne area of Belfast which lasted for three nights.
Chichester-Clark, then Northern Ireland Prime Minister, met with Reginald Maudling, then British Home Secretary, on matters related to reforms and security.

[ NAI Records – October 1970. ]

November 1970

Thursday 5 November 1970
[ Law Order. ]

Monday 9 November 1970
The Irish School of Ecumenics was founded by Michael Hurley.

Thursday 12 November 1970
The Northern Ireland Housing Executive (NIHE) was formed. [The NIHE gradually took over control of the building and allocation of public sector housing in Northern Ireland. The responsibility for public sector housing had previously rested with local government and the Northern Ireland Housing Trust (NIHT). There had been many allegations of discrimination in the provision and allocation of housing by the various local government councils in Northern Ireland and this was the main reason for setting up the Housing Executive.]

Monday 16 November 1970
Two men were shot dead by the Irish Republican Army (IRA). [It was alleged that the two men were involved in anti-social behaviour. This was the first occasion on which the IRA had killed anyone alleged to have been involved in criminality.]

Wednesday 18 November 1970
[ Policing. ]

Thursday 19 November 1970
Figures were released by the Commissioner for Complaints showing that there had been 970 complaints in the first ten months of his office, with 74 of them alleging discrimination.

Monday 23 November 1970
Arthur Young resigned as Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC). He had announced his decision to resign on 23 September 1970. He returned to his former role as Commissioner of the City of London Police. He was succeeded by the deputy Chief Constable, Graham Shillington.

Monday 30 November 1970
[ Political Developments; Reconciliation. ]

[ NAI Records – November 1970. ]

December 1970

? December 1970
The Northern Ireland government announced its acceptance of the Macrory Report on local government reform. The report had been published on 29 May 1970.

Tuesday 8 December 1970
Cardinal William Conway, then head of the Catholic Church in Ireland, published a pamphlet on the topic of segregation in education in Northern Ireland.

Friday 11 December 1970
[ Political Developments. ]

Wednesday 23 December 1970
A Protestant man was shot dead at his home in Belfast. ['Lost Lives' speculated that the incident resulted from an attempted robbery of guns stored in the house.]

Wednesday 30 December 1970
The financial cost of the disturbances and riots during 1969 and 1970 were estimated to be £5.5 million.

n.d. December 1970
[ Political Developments; Reconciliation. ]

n.d. December 1970
[ Policing. ]

n.d. December 1970
[ Political Developments. ]

n.d. December 1970
[ Political Developments. ]

[ NAI Records – December 1970. ]

[ PRONI Records on CAIN - 1970 ]

[ NAI Records on CAIN - 1970 ]

• Bew, P. and Gillespie, G. (1999). Northern Ireland A chronology of the Troubles 1968-1999. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan Ltd.
• Elliott, S. and Flackes, W.D. (1999). Northern Ireland A Political Directory 1968-1999. Belfast: The Blackstaff Press.
• 'Fortnight' magazine's monthly chronology of 'the Troubles'.
• Sutton, M. (1994). An Index of Deaths from the Conflict in Ireland 1969-1993. Belfast: Beyond the Pale Publications. An updated searchable version is available: The Sutton Index of Deaths 1969-2001 - see in particular the list of deaths for 1970.
• Various newspapers

See Also:

• Material listed in the CAIN Bibliography which was published during 1970.
• For a full list of, and links to, on-line sources see the Guide to the Internet.

Notes

• Each entry contains information, where relevant, on the following topic areas:
  • Major security incidents
  • Political developments
  • Policy initiatives
  • Economic matters
  • Other relevant items
• Information contained within square brackets [   ] may contain commentary or information that only became publicly available at a later date.
• Any piece of information which is followed by a question mark in parenthesis (?) is a best estimate while awaiting an update.