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Bunreacht Na hÉireann - Constitution of Ireland, 1937

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Bunreacht Na hÉireann
(CONSTITUTION OF IRELAND)

	Preamble
Articles 1-3	The Nation
Articles 4-11	The State
Articles 12-14	The President
Articles 15-27	The National Parliament
Article 28	The Government
Article 29	International Relations
Article 30	The Attorney General
Articles 31-32	The Council of State
Article 33	The Comptroller and Auditor General
Articles 34-37	The Courts
Articles 38-39	Trial of Offences
Articles 40-44	Fundamental Rights
Article 45	Directive Principles of Social Policy
Article 46	Amendment of the Constitution
Article 47	The Referendum
Articles 48-50	Repeal of Constitution of Saorstát Éireann and Continuance of Laws

BUNREACHT NA hÉIREANN

(CONSTITUTION OF IRELAND)

Apart from standardized spelling of the Irish text, this text of the Constitution is a copy of the text prepared in accordance with Article 25 and enrolled in the Office of the Registrar of the Supreme Court on the 23rd March, 1990 save that the Transitory Provisions, Articles 51 to 63 inclusive, are omitted from this official text in accordance with the terms of Articles 51 and 52.

The text embodies all amendments made by the Oireachtas prior to the date of enrolment. The amendments were effected by the Acts set out hereunder.

(AMENDING ACTS)
(Short Title)	(Date of Signature)
First Amendment of the Constitution Act, 1939	2 September, 1939
Second Amendment of the Constitution Act, 1941	30 May, 1941
Third Amendment of the Constitution Act, 1972	8 June, 1972
Fourth Amendment of the Constitution Act, 1972	5 January, 1973
Fifth Amendment of the Constitution Act, 1972	5 January, 1973
Sixth Amendment of the Constitution (Adoption) Act, 1979	3 August, 1979
Seventh Amendment of the Constitution (Election of Members of Seanad Éireann by Institutions of Higher Education) Act, 1979	3 August, 1979
Eighth Amendment of the Constitution Act, 1983	7 October,1983
Ninth Amendment of the Constitution Act, 1984	2 August, 1984
Tenth Amendment of the Constitution Act, 1987	22 June, 1987

PREAMBLE

In the name of the Most Holy Trinity, from Whom is all authority and to Whom, as our final end, all actions both of men and States must be referred,

We, the people of Éire,

Humbly acknowledging all our obligations to our Divine Lord, Jesus Christ, Who sustained our fathers through centuries of trial,

Gratefully remembering their heroic and unremitting struggle to regain the rightful independence of our Nation,

And seeking to promote the common good, with due observance of Prudence, Justice and Charity, so that the dignity and freedom of the individual may he assured, true social order attained, the unity of our country restored, and concord established with other nations,

Do hereby adopt, enact, and give to ourselves this Constitution.

THE NATION

Article 1.

The Irish nation hereby affirms its inalienable, indefeasible, and sovereign right to choose its own form of Government, to determine its relations with other nations, and to develop its life, political, economic and cultural, in accordance with its own genius and traditions.

Article 2.

The national territory consists of the whole island of Ireland, its islands and the territorial seas.

Article 3.

Pending the re-integration of the national territory, and without prejudice to the right of the Parliament and Government established by this Constitution to exercise jurisdiction over the whole of that territory, the laws enacted by that Parliament shall have the like area and extent of application as the laws of Saorstát Éireann and the like extra-territorial effect.

THE STATE

Article 4.

The name of the State is Éire, or in the English language, Ireland.

Article 5.

Ireland is a sovereign, independent, democratic state.

Article 6.

1.	All powers of government, legislative, executive and judicial, derive, under God, from the people, whose right it is to designate the rulers of the State and, in final appeal, to decide all questions of national policy, according to the requirements of the common good.
2.	These powers of government are exercisable only by or on the authority of the organs of State established by this Constitution.

Article 7.

The national flag is the tricolour of green, white and orange.

Article 8.

1.	The Irish language as the national language is the first official language.
2.	The English language is recognized as a second official language.
3.	Provision may, however, be made by law for the exclusive use of either of the said languages for any one or more official purposes, either throughout the State or in any part thereof.

Article 9.

1.	1.	On the coming into operation of this Constitution any person who was a citizen of Saorstát Éireann immediately before the coming into operation of this Constitution shall become and be a citizen of Ireland.
	2.	The future acquisition and loss of Irish nationality and citizenship shall be determined in accordance with law.
	3.	No person may be excluded from Irish nationality and citizenship by reason of the sex of such person.
2.		Fidelity to the nation and loyalty to the State are fundamental political duties of all citizens.

Article 10.

1.	All natural resources, including the air and all forms of potential energy, within the jurisdiction of the Parliament and Government established by this Constitution and all royalties and franchises within that jurisdiction belong to the State subject to all estates and interests therein for the time being lawfully vested in any person or body.
2.	All land and all mines, minerals and waters which belonged to Saorstát Éireann immediately before the coming into operation of this Constitution belong to the State to the same extent as they then belonged to Saorstát Éireann.
3.	Provision may be made by law for the management of the property which belongs to the State by virtue of this Article and for the control of the alienation, whether temporary or permanent, of that property.
4.	Provision may also be made by law for the management of land, mines, minerals and waters acquired by the State after the coming into operation of this Constitution and for the control of the alienation, whether temporary or permanent, of the land, mines, minerals and waters so acquired.

Article 11.

All revenues of the State from whatever source arising shall, subject to such exception as may be provided by law, form one fund, and shall be appropriated for the purposes and in the manner and subject to the charges and liabilities determined and imposed by law.

THE PRESIDENT

Article 12.

1.	There shall be a President of Ireland (Uachtarán na hÉireann), hereinafter called the President, who shall take precedence over all other persons in the State and who shall exercise and perform the powers and functions conferred on the President by this Constitution and by law.
2.	1.	The President shall be elected by direct vote of the people.
	2.	Every citizen who has the right to vote at an election for members of Dáil Éireann shall have the right to vote at an election for President.
	3.	The voting shall be by secret ballot and on the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote.
3.	1.	The President shall hold office for seven years from the date upon which he enters upon his office, unless before the expiration of that period he dies, or resigns, or is removed from office, or becomes permanently incapacitated, such incapacity being established to the satisfaction of the Supreme Court consisting of not less than five judges.
	2.	A person who holds, or who has held, office as President, shall be eligible for re-election to that office once, but only once.
	3.	An election for the office of President shall be held not later than, and not earlier than the sixtieth day before, the date of the expiration of the term of office of every President, but in the event of the removal from office of the President or of his death, resignation, or permanent incapacity established as aforesaid (whether occurring before or after he enters upon his office), an election for the office of President shall be held within sixty days after such event.
4.	1.	Every citizen who has reached his thirty-fifth year of age is eligible for election to the office of President.
	2.	Every candidate for election, not a former or retiring President, must be nominated either by:
		i.	not less than twenty persons, each of whom is at the time a member of one of the Houses of the Óireachtas
			or
		ii.	by the Councils of not less than four administrative Counties (including County Boroughs) as defined by law.
	3.	No person and no such Council shall be entitled to subscribe to the nomination of more than one candidate in respect of the same election.
	4.	Former or retiring Presidents may become candidates on their own nomination.
	5.	Where only one candidate is nominated for the office of President it shall not be necessary to proceed to a ballot for his election.
5.	Subject to the provisions of this Article, elections for the office of President shall be regulated by law.
6.	1.	The President shall not be a member of either House of the Oireachtas.
	2.	If a member of either House of the Oireachtas be elected President, he shall be deemed to have vacated his seat in that House.
	3.	The President shall not hold any other office or position of emolument.
7.	The first President shall enter upon his office as soon as may be after his election, and every subsequent President shall enter upon his office on the day following the expiration of the term of office of his predecessor or as soon as may be thereafter or, in the event of his predecessor's removal from office, death, resignation, or permanent incapacity established as provided by section 3 hereof, as soon as may be after the election.
8.	The President shall enter upon his office by taking and subscribing publicly, in the presence of members of both Houses of the Oireachtas, of Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Court, and other public personages, the following declaration :-
	"In the presence of Almighty God I do solemnly and sincerely promise and declare that l will maintain the Constitution of Ireland and uphold its laws, that I will fulfill my duties faithfully and conscientiously in accordance with the Constitution and the law, and that I will dedicate my abilities to the service and welfare of the people of Ireland. May God direct and sustain me."
9.	The President shall not leave the State during his term of office save with the consent of the Government.
10.	1.	The President may be impeached for stated misbehaviour.
	2.	The charge shall be preferred by either of the Houses of the Oireachtas, subject to and in accordance with the provisions of this section.
	3.	A proposal to either House of the Oireachtas to prefer a charge against the President under this section shall not be entertained unless upon a notice of motion in writing signed by not less than thirty members of that House.
	4.	No such proposal shall be adopted by either of the Houses of the Oireachtas save upon a resolution of that House supported by not less than two-thirds of the total membership thereof.
	5.	When a charge has been preferred by either House of the Oireachtas, the other House shall investigate the charge, or cause the charge to be investigated.
	6.	The President shall have the right to appear and to be represented at the investigation of the charge.
	7.	If, as a result of the investigation, a resolution be passed supported by not less than two-thirds of the total membership of the House of the Oireachtas by which the charge was investigated, or caused to be investigated, declaring that the charge preferred against the President has been sustained and that the misbehaviour, the subject of the charge, was such as to render him unfit to continue in office, such resolution shall operate to remove the President from his office.
11.	1.	The President shall have an official residence in or near the City of Dublin.
	2.	The President shall receive such emoluments and allowances as may be determined by law.
	3.	The emoluments and allowances of the President shall not be diminished during his term of office.

Article 13.

1.	1.	The President shall, on the nomination of Dáil Éireann, appoint the Taoiseach, that is, the head of the Government or Prime Minister.
	2.	The President shall, on the nomination of the Taoiseach with the previous approval of Dáil Éireann, appoint the other members of the Government.
	3.	The President shall, on the advice of the Taoiseach, accept the resignation or terminate the appointment of any member of the Government.
2.	1.	Dáil Éireann shall be summoned and dissolved by the President on the advice of the Taoiseach.
	2.	The President may in his absolute discretion refuse to dissolve Dáil Éireann on the advice of a Taoiseach who has ceased to retain the support of a majority in Dáil Éireann.
	3.	The President may at any time, after consultation with the Council of State, convene a meeting of either or both of the Houses of the Oireachtas.
3.	1.	Every Bill passed or deemed to have been passed by both Houses of the Oireachtas shall require the signature of the President for its enactment into law.
	2.	The President shall promulgate every law made by the Oireachtas.
4.	The supreme command of the Defense Forces is hereby vested in the President.
5.	1.	The exercise of the supreme command of the Defense Forces shall be regulated by law.
	2.	All commissioned officers of the Defense Forces shall hold their commissions from the President.
6.	The right of pardon and the power to commute or remit punishment imposed by any court exercising criminal jurisdiction are hereby vested in the President, but such power of commutation or remission may, except in capital cases, also be conferred by law on other authorities.
7.	1.	The President may, after consultation with the Council of State, communicate with the Houses of the Oireachtas by message or address on any matter of national or public importance.
	2.	The President may, after consultation with the Council of State, address a message to the Nation at any time on any such matter.
	3.	Every such message or address must, however, have received the approval of the Government.

8.	1.	The President shall not be answerable to either House of the Oireachtas or to any court for the exercise and performance of the powers and functions of his office or for any act done or purporting to be done by him in the exercise and performance of these powers and functions.
	2.	The behaviour of the President may, however, be brought under review in either of the Houses of the Oireachtas for the purposes of section 10 of Article 12 of this Constitution, or by any court, tribunal or body appointed or designated by either of the Houses of the Oireachtas for the investigation of a charge under section 10 of the said Article.
9.	The powers and functions conferred on the President by this Constitution shall be exercisable and performable by him only on the advice of the Government, save where it is provided by this Constitution that he shall act in his absolute discretion or after consultation with or in relation to the Council of State, or on the advice or nomination of, or on receipt of any other communication from, any other person or body.
10.	Subject to this Constitution, additional powers and functions may be conferred on the President by law.
11.	No power or function conferred on the President by law shall be exercisable or performable by him save only on the advice of the Government.

Article 14.

1.	In the event of the absence of the President, or his temporary incapacity, or his permanent incapacity established as provided by section 3 of Article 12 hereof, or in the event of his death, resignation, removal from office, or failure to exercise and perform the powers and functions of his office or any of them, or at any time at which the office of President may be vacant, the powers and functions conferred on the President by or under this Constitution shall be exercised and performed by a Commission constituted as provided in section 2 of this Article.
2.	1.	The Commission shall consist of the following persons, namely, the Chief Justice, the Chairman of Dáil Éireann (An Ceann Comhairle), and the Chairman of Seanad Éireann.
	2.	The President of the High Court shall act as a member of the Commission in the place of the Chief Justice on any occasion on which the office of Chief Justice is vacant or on which the Chief Justice is unable to act.
	3.	The Deputy Chairman of Dáil Éireann shall act as a member of the Commission in the place of the Chairman of Dáil Éireann on any occasion on which the office of Chairman of Dáil Éireann is vacant or on which the said Chairman is unable to act.
	4.	The Deputy Chairman of Seanad Éireann shall act as a member of the Commission in the place of the Chairman of Seanad Éireann on any occasion on which the office of Chairman of Seanad Éireann is vacant or on which the said Chairman is unable to act.
3.	The Commission may act by any two of their number and may act notwithstanding a vacancy in their membership.
4.	The Council of State may by a majority of its members make such provision as to them may seem meet for the exercise and performance of the powers and functions conferred on the President by or under this Constitution in any contingency which is not provided for by the foregoing provisions of this Article.
5.	1.	The provisions of this Constitution which relate to the exercise and performance by the President of the powers and functions conferred on him by or under this Constitution shall subject to the subsequent provisions of this section apply to the exercise and performance of the said powers and functions under this Article.
	2.	In the event of the failure of the President to exercise or perform any power or function which the President is by or under this Constitution required to exercise or perform within a specified time, the said power or function shall be exercised or performed under this Article, as soon as may be after the expiration of the time so specified.

THE NATIONAL PARLIAMENT

Constitution and Powers

Article 15.

1.	1.	The National Parliament shall be called and known, and is in this Constitution generally referred to, as the Oireachtas.
	2.	The Oireachtas shall consist of the President and two Houses, viz.: a House of Representatives to be called Dáil Éireann and a Senate to be called Seanad Éireann.
	3.	The Houses of the Oireachtas shall sit in or near the City of Dublin or in such other place as they may from time to time determine.
2.	1.	The sole and exclusive power of making laws for the State is hereby vested in the Oireachtas: no other legislative authority has power to make laws for the State.
	2.	Provision may however be made by law for the creation or recognition of subordinate legislatures and for the powers and functions of these legislatures.
3.	1.	The Oireachtas may provide for the establishment or recognition of functional or vocational councils representing branches of the social and economic life of the people.
	2.	A law establishing or recognizing any such council shall determine its rights, powers and duties, and its relation to the Oireachtas and to the Government.
4.	1.	The Oireachtas shall not enact any law which is in any respect repugnant to this Constitution or any provision thereof.
	2.	Every law enacted by the Oireachtas which is in any respect repugnant to this Constitution or to any provision thereof, shall, but to the extent only of such repugnancy, be invalid.
5.	The Oireachtas shall not declare acts to be infringements of the law which were not so at the date of their commission.
6.	1.	The right to raise and maintain military or armed forces is vested exclusively in the Oireachtas.
	2.	No military or armed force, other than a military or armed force raised and maintained by the Oireachtas, shall be raised or maintained for any purpose whatsoever.
7.	The Oireachtas shall hold at least one session every year.
8.	1.	Sittings of each House of the Oireachtas shall be public.
	2.	In cases of special emergency, however, either House may hold a private sitting with the assent of two-thirds of the members present.
9.	1.	Each House of the Oireachtas shall elect from its members its own Chairman and Deputy Chairman, and shall prescribe their powers and duties.
	2.	The remuneration of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman of each House shall be determined by law.
10.	Each House shall make its own rules and standing orders, with power to attach penalties for their infringement, and shall have power to ensure freedom of debate, to protect its official documents and the private papers of its members, and to protect itself and its members against any person or persons interfering with, molesting or attempting to corrupt its members in the exercise of their duties.
11.	1.	All questions in each House shall, save as otherwise provided by this Constitution, be determined by a majority of the votes of the members present and voting other than the Chairman or presiding member.
	2.	The Chairman or presiding member shall have and exercise a casting vote in the case of an equality of votes.
	3.	The number of members necessary to constitute a meeting of either House for the exercise of its powers shall be determined by its standing orders.
12.	All official reports and publications of the Oireachtas or of either House thereof and utterances made in either House wherever published shall be privileged.
13.	The members of each House of the Oireachtas shall, except in case of treason as defined in this Constitution, felony or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest in going to and returning from, and while within the precincts of, either House, and shall not, in respect of any utterance in either House, be amenable to any court or any authority other than the House itself.
14.	No person may be at the same time a member of both Houses of the Oireachtas, and, if any person who is already a member of either House becomes a member of the other House, he shall forthwith be deemed to have vacated his first seat.
15.	The Oireachtas may make provision by law for the payment of allowances to the members of each House thereof in respect of their duties as public representatives and for the grant to them of free traveling and such other facilities (if any) in connection with those duties as the Oireachtas may determine.

Dáil Éireann.

Article 16.

1.	1.	Every citizen without distinction of sex who has reached the age of twenty-one years, and who is not placed under disability or incapacity by this Constitution or by law, shall be eligible for membership of Dáil Éireann.
	2.	i.	All citizens, and
		ii.	Such other persons in the State as may be determined by law, without distinction of sex who have reached the age of eighteen years who are not disqualified by law and comply with the provisions of the law relating to the election of members of Dáil Éireann, shall have the right to vote at an election for members of Dáil Éireann.
	3.	No law shall be enacted placing any citizen under disability or incapacity for membership of Dáil Éireann on the ground of sex or disqualifying any citizen or other person from voting at an election for members of Dáil Éireann on that ground.
	4.	No voter may exercise more than one vote at an election for Dáil Éireann, and the voting shall be by secret ballot.
2.	1.	Dáil Éireann shall be composed of members who represent constituencies determined by law.
	2.	The number of members shall from time to time be fixed by law, but the total number of members of Dáil Éireann shall not be fixed at less than one member for each thirty thousand of the population, or at more than one member for each twenty thousand of the population.
	3.	The ratio between the number of members to be elected at any time for each constituency and the population of each constituency, as ascertained at the last preceding census, shall, so far as it is practicable, be the same throughout the country.
	4.	The Oireachtas shall revise the constituencies at least once in every twelve years, with due regard to changes in distribution of the population, but any alterations in the constituencies shall not take effect during the life of Dáil Éireann sitting when such revision is made.
	5.	The members shall be elected on the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote.
	6.	No law shall be enacted whereby the number of members to be returned for any constituency shall be less than three.
3.	1.	Dáil Éireann shall be summoned and dissolved as provided by section 2 of Article 13 of this Constitution.
	2.	A general election for members of Dáil Éireann shall take place not later than thirty days after a dissolution of Dáil Éireann.
4.	1.	Polling at every general election for Dáil Éireann shall as far as practicable take place on the same day throughout the country.
	2.	Dáil Éireann shall meet within thirty days from that polling day.
5.	The same Dáil Éireann shall not continue for a longer period than seven years from the date of its first meeting: a shorter period may be fixed by law.
6.	Provision shall be made by law to enable the member of Dáil Éireann who is the Chairman immediately before a dissolution of Dáil Éireann to be deemed without any actual election to be elected a member of Dáil Éireann at the ensuing general election.
7.	Subject to the foregoing provisions of this Article, elections for membership of Dáil Éireann, including the filling of casual vacancies, shall be regulated in accordance with law.

Article 17.

1.	1.	As soon as possible after the presentation to Dáil Éireann under Article 28 of this Constitution of the Estimates of receipts and the Estimates of expenditure of the State for any financial year, Dáil Éireann shall consider such Estimates.
	2.	Save in so far as may be provided by specific enactment in each case, the legislation required to give effect to the Financial Resolutions of each year shall be enacted within that year.
2.	Dáil Éireann shall not pass any vote or resolution, and no law shall be enacted, for the appropriation of revenue or other public moneys unless the purpose of the appropriation shall have been recommended to Dáil Éireann by a message from the Government signed by the Taoiseach.

Seanad Éireann.

Article 18.

1.	Seanad Éireann shall be composed of sixty members, of whom eleven shall be nominated members and forty-nine shall be elected members.
2.	A person to be eligible for membership of Seanad Éireann must be eligible to become a member of Dáil Éireann.
3.	The nominated members of Seanad Éireann shall be nominated, with their prior consent, by the Taoiseach who is appointed next after the reassembly of Dáil Éireann following the dissolution thereof which occasions the nomination of the said members.
4.	1.	The elected members of Seanad Éireann shall be elected as follows :--
		i.	Three shall be elected by the National University of Ireland.
		ii.	Three shall be elected by the University of Dublin.
		iii.	Forty-three shall be elected from panels of candidates constituted as hereinafter provided.
	2.	Provision may be made by law for the election, on a franchise and in the manner to be provided by law, by one or more of the following institutions, namely:
		i.	the universities mentioned in subsection 1' of this section,
		ii.	any other institutions of higher education in the State,
		of so many members of Seanad Éireann as may be fixed by law in substitution for an equal number of the members to be elected pursuant to paragraphs i and ii of the said subsection 1.
		A member or members of Seanad Éireann may be elected under this subsection by institutions grouped together or by a single institution.
	3.	Nothing in this Article shall be invoked to prohibit the dissolution by law of a university mentioned in subsection 1 of this section.
5.	Every election of the elected members of Seanad Éireann shall be held on the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote, and by secret postal ballot.
6.	The members of Seanad Éireann to be elected by the Universities shall be elected on a franchise and in the manner to be provided by law.
7.	1.	Before each general election of the members of Seanad Éireann to be elected from panels of candidates, five panels of candidates shall be formed in the manner provided by law containing respectively the names of persons having knowledge and practical experience of the following interests and services, namely:
		i.	National Language and Culture, Literature, Art, Education and such professional interests as may be defined by law for the purpose of this panel;
		ii.	Agriculture and allied interests. and Fisheries;
		iii.	Labour, whether organised or unorganised;
		iv.	Industry and Commerce, including banking, finance, accountancy, engineering and architecture;
		v.	Public Administration and social services, including voluntary social activities.
	2.	Not more than eleven and, subject to the provisions of Article 19 hereof, not less than five members of Seanad Éireann shall be elected from any one panel.
8.	A general election for Seanad Éireann shall take place not later than ninety days after a dissolution of Dáil Éireann, and the first meeting of Seanad Éireann after the general election shall take place on a day to be fixed by the President on the advice of the Taoiseach.
9.	Every member of Seanad Éireann shall, unless he previously dies, resigns, or becomes disqualified, continue to hold office until the day before the polling day of the general election for Seanad Éireann next held after his election or nomination.
10.	1.	Subject to the foregoing provisions of this Article elections of the elected members of Seanad Éireann shall be regulated by law.
	2.	Casual vacancies in the number of the nominated members of Seanad Éireann shall be filled by nomination by the Taoiseach with the prior consent of persons so nominated.
	3.	Casual vacancies in the number of the elected members of Seanad Éireann shall be filled in the manner provided by law.

Article 19.

Provision may be made by law for the direct election by any functional or vocational group or association or council of so many members of Seanad Éireann as may be fixed by such law in substitution for an equal number of the members to be elected from the corresponding panels of candidates constituted under Article 18 of this Constitution.

Legislation.

Article 20.

1.	Every Bill initiated in and passed by Dáil Éireann shall be sent to Seanad Éireann and may, unless it be a Money Bill, be amended in Seanad Éireann and Dáil Éireann shall consider any such amendment.
2.	1.	A Bill other than a Money Bill may be initiated in Seanad Éireann, and if passed by Seanad Éireann, shall be introduced in Dáil Éireann.
	2.	A Bill initiated in Seanad Éireann if amended in Dáil Éireann shall be considered as a Bill initiated in Dáil Éireann.
3.	A Bill passed by either House and accepted by the other House shall be deemed to have been passed by both Houses.

Money Bills.

Article 21.

1.	1.	Money Bills shall be initiated in Dáil Éireann only.
	2.	Every Money Bill passed by Dáil Éireann shall be sent to Seanad Éireann for its recommendations.
2.	1.	Every Money Bill sent to Seanad Éireann for its recommendations shall, at the expiration of a period not longer than twenty-one days after it shall have been sent to Seanad Éireann, be returned to Dáil Éireann, which may accept or reject all or any of the recommendations of Seanad Éireann.
	2.	If such Money Bill is not returned by Seanad Éireann to Dáil Éireann within such twenty-one days or is returned within such twenty-one days with recommendations which Dáil Éireann does not accept, it shall be deemed to have been passed by both Houses at the expiration of the said twenty-one days.

Article 22.

1.	1.	A Money Bill means a Bill which contains only provisions dealing with all or any of the following matters, namely, the imposition, repeal, remission, alteration or regulation of taxation; the imposition for the payment of debt or other financial purposes of charges on public moneys or the variation or repeal of any such charges; supply; the appropriation, receipt, custody, issue or audit of accounts of public money; the raising or guarantee of any loan or the repayment thereof; matters subordinate and incidental to these matters or any of them.
	2.	In this definition the expressions "taxation", "public money" and "loan" respectively do not include any taxation, money or loan raised by local authorities or bodies for local purposes.
2.	1.	The Chairman of Dáil Éireann shall certify any Bill which, in his opinion, is a Money Bill to be a Money Bill, and his certificate shall, subject to the subsequent provisions of this section, be final and conclusive.
	2.	Seanad Éireann, by a resolution. passed at a sitting at which not less than thirty members are present, may request the President to refer the question whether the Bill is or is not a Money Bill to a Committee of Privileges.
	3.	If the President after consultation with the Council of State decides to accede to the request he shall appoint a Committee of Privilege consisting of an equal number of members of Dáil Éireann and of Seanad Éireann and a Chairman who shall be a judge of the Supreme Court: these appointments shall be made after consultation with the Council of State. In the case of an equality of votes but not otherwise the chairman shall be entitled to vote.
	4.	The President shall refer the question to the Committee of Privileges so appointed and the Committee shall report its decision thereon to the President within twenty-one days after the day on which the Bill was sent to Seanad Éireann.
	5.	The decision of the Committee shall be final and conclusive.
	6.	If the President after consultation with the Council of State decides not to accede to the request of Seanad Éireann, or if the Committee of Privileges fails to report within the time hereinbefore specified the certificate of the Chairman of Dáil Éireann shall stand confirmed.

Time for Consideration of Bills.

Article 23.

1.	This Article applies to every Bill passed by Dáil Éireann and sent to Seanad Éireann other than a Money Bill or a Bill the time for the consideration of which by Seanad Éireann shall have been abridged under Article 24 of this Constitution.
	1.	Whenever a Bill to which this Article applies is within the stated period defined in the next following sub-section either rejected by Seanad Éireann or passed by Seanad Éireann with amendments to which Dáil Éireann does not agree or is neither passed (with or without amendment) nor rejected by Seanad Éireann within the stated period, the Bill shall, if Dáil Éireann so resolves within one hundred and eighty days after the expiration of the stated period be deemed to have been passed by both Houses of the Oireachtas on the day on which the resolution is passed.
	2.	The stated period is the period of ninety days commencing on the day on which the Bill is first sent by Dáil Éireann to Seanad Éireann or any longer period agreed upon in respect of the Bill by both Houses of the Oireachtas.
2.	1.	The preceding section of this Article shall apply to a Bill which is initiated in and passed by Seanad Éireann, amended by Dáil Éireann, and accordingly deemed to have been initiated in Dáil Éireann.
	2.	For the purpose of this application the stated period shall in relation to such a Bill commence on the day on which the Bill is first sent to Seanad Éireann after having been amended by Dáil Éireann.

Article 24.

1.	If and whenever on the passage by Dáil Éireann of any Bill, other than a Bill expressed to be a Bill containing a proposal to amend the Constitution, the Taoiseach certifies by messages in writing addressed to the President and to the Chairman of each House of the Oireachtas that, in the opinion of the Government, the Bill is urgent and immediately necessary for the preservation of the public peace and security, or by reason of the existence of a public emergency, whether domestic or international, the time for the consideration of such Bill by Seanad Éireann shall, if Dáil Éireann so resolves and if the President, after consultation with the Council of State, concurs, be abridged to such period as shall be specified in the resolution.
2.	Where a Bill, the time for the consideration of which by Seanad Éireann has been abridged under this Article,
	a.	is, in the case of a Bill which is not a Money Bill, rejected by Seanad Éireann or passed by Seanad Éireann with amendments to which Dáil Éireann does not agree or neither passed nor rejected by Seanad Éireann, or
	b.	is, in the case of a Money Bill, either returned by Seanad Éireann to Dáil Éireann with recommendations which Dáil Éireann does not accept or is not returned by Seanad Éireann to Dáil Éireann,
	within the period specified in the resolution, the Bill shall be deemed to have been passed by both Houses of the Oireachtas at the expiration of that period.
3.	When a Bill the time for the consideration of which by Seanad Éireann has been abridged under this Article becomes law it shall remain in force for a period of ninety days from the date of its enactment and no longer unless, before the expiration of that period, both Houses shall have agreed that such law shall remain in force for a longer period and the longer period so agreed upon shall have been specified in resolutions passed by both Houses.

Signing and Promulgation of Laws.

Article 25.

1.	As soon as any Bill, other than a Bill expressed to be a Bill containing a proposal for the amendment of this Constitution, shall have been passed or deemed to have been passed by both Houses of the Oireachtas, the Taoiseach shall present it to the President for his signature and for promulgation by him as a law in accordance with the provisions of this Article.
2.	1.	Save as otherwise provided by this Constitution, every Bill so presented to the President for his signature and for promulgation by him as a law shall be signed by the President not earlier than the fifth and not later than the seventh day after the date on which the Bill shall have been presented to him.
	2.	At the request of the Government, with the prior concurrence of Seanad Éireann, the President may sign any Bill the subject of such request on a date which is earlier than the fifth day after such date as aforesaid
3.	Every Bill the time for the consideration of which by Seanad Éireann shall have been abridged under Article 24 of this Constitution shall be signed by the President on the day on which such Bill is presented to him for signature and promulgation as a law.
4.	1.	Every Bill shall become and be law as on and from the day on which it is signed by the President under this Constitution, and shall, unless the contrary intention appears, come into operation on that day.
	2.	Every Bill signed by the President under this Constitution shall be promulgated by him as a law by the publication by his direction of a notice in the Iris Oifigiúil stating that the Bill has become law.
	3.	Every Bill shall be signed by the President in the text in which it was passed or deemed to have been passed by both Houses of the Oireachtas, and if a Bill is so passed or deemed to have been passed in both the official languages, the President shall sign the text of the Bill in each of those languages.
	4.	Where the President signs the text of a Bill in one only of the official languages, an official translation shall be issued in the other official language.
	5.	As soon as may be after the signature and promulgation of a Bill as a law, the text of such law which was signed by the President or, where the President has signed the text of such law in each of the official languages, both the signed texts shall be enrolled for record in the office of the Registrar of the Supreme Court, and the text, or both the texts, so enrolled shall be conclusive evidence of the provisions of such law.
	6.	In case of conflict between the texts of a law enrolled under this section in both the official languages, the text in the national language shall prevail.
5.	1.	It shall be lawful for the Taoiseach, from time to time as occasion appears to him to require, to cause to be prepared under his supervision a text (in both the official languages) of this Constitution as then in force embodying all amendments theretofore made therein.
	2.	A copy of every text so prepared, when authenticated by the signatures of the Taoiseach and the Chief Justice, shall be signed by the President and shall be enrolled for record in the office of the Registrar of the Supreme Court.
	3.	The copy so signed and enrolled which is for the time being the latest text so prepared shall, upon such enrolment, be conclusive evidence of this Constitution as at the date of such enrolment and shall for that purpose supersede all texts of this Constitution of which copies were previously so enrolled.
	4.	In case of conflict between the texts of any copy of this Constitution enrolled under this section, the text in the national language shall prevail.

Reference of Bills to the Supreme Court.

Article 26.

This Article applies to any Bill passed or deemed to have been passed by both Houses of the Oireachtas other than a Money Bill, or a Bill expressed to be a Bill containing a proposal to amend the Constitution, or a Bill the time for the consideration of which by Seanad Éireann shall have been abridged under Article 24 of the Constitution.
1.	The President may, after consultation with the Council of State, refer any Bill to which this Article applies to the Supreme Court for a decision on the question as to whether such Bill or any specified provision or provisions of such Bill is or are repugnant to this Constitution or to any provision thereof.
	1.	Every such reference shall be made not later than the seventh day after the date on which such Bill have been presented by the Taoiseach to the President for his signature.
	2.	The President shall not sign any Bill the subject of a reference to the Supreme Court under this Article pending the pronouncement of the decision of the Court.
2.	1.	The Supreme Court consisting of not less than five judges shall consider every question referred to it by the President under this Article for a decision, and, having heard arguments by or on behalf of the Attorney General and by counsel assigned by the Court, shall pronounce its decision on such question in open court as soon as may be, and in any case not later than sixty days after the date of such reference.
	2.	The decision of the majority of the judges of the Supreme Court shall, for the purposes of this Article, be the decision of the Court and shall be pronounced by such one of those judges as the Court shall direct, and no other opinion, whether assenting or dissenting, shall be pronounced nor shall the existence of any such other opinion be disclosed.
3.	1.	In every case in which the Supreme Court decides that any provision of a Bill the subject of a reference to the Supreme Court under this Article is repugnant to this Constitution or to any provision thereof, the President shall decline to sign such Bill.
	2.	If, in the case of a Bill to which Article 27 of this Constitution applies, a petition has been addressed to the President under that Article, that Article shall be complied with.
	3.	In every other case the President shall sign the Bill as soon as may be after the date on which the decision of the Supreme Court shall have been pronounced.

Reference of Bills to the People.

Article 27.

This Article applies to any Bill, other than a Bill expressed to be a Bill containing a proposal for the amendment of this Constitution, which shall have been deemed, by virtue of Article 23 hereof, to have been passed by both Houses of the Oireachtas.

1.	A majority of the members of Seanad Éireann and not less than one-third of the members of Dáil Éireann may by a joint petition addressed to the President by them under this Article request the President to decline to sign and promulgate as a law any Bill to which this article applies on the ground that the Bill contains a proposal of such national importance that the will of the people thereon ought to be ascertained.
2.	Every such petition shall be in writing and shall be signed by the petitioners whose signatures shall be verified in the manner prescribed by law.
3.	Every such petition shall contain a statement of the particular ground or grounds on which the request is based, and shall be presented to the President not later than four days after the date on which the Bill shall have been deemed to have been passed by both Houses of the Oireachtas.
4.	1.	Upon receipt of a petition addressed to him under this Article, the President shall forthwith consider such petition and shall, after consultation with the Council of State, pronounce his decision thereon not later than ten days after the date on which the Bill to which such petition relates shall have been deemed to have been passed by both Houses of the Oireachtas.
	2.	If the Bill or any provision thereof is or has been referred to the Supreme Court under Article 26 of this Constitution, it shall not be obligatory on the President to consider the petition unless or until the Supreme Court has pronounced a decision on such reference to the effect that the said Bill or the said provision thereof is not repugnant to this Constitution or to any provision thereof, and, if a decision to that effect is pronounced by the Supreme Court, it shall not be obligatory on the President to pronounce his decision on the petition before the expiration of six days after the day on which the decision of the Supreme Court to the effect aforesaid is pronounced.
5.	1.	In every case in which the President decides that a Bill the subject of a petition under this Article contains a proposal of such national importance that the will of the people thereon ought to be ascertained, he shall inform the Taoiseach and the Chairman of each House of the Oireachtas accordingly in writing under his hand and Seal and shall decline to sign and promulgate such Bill as a law unless and until the proposal shall have been approved either
		i.	by the people at a Referendum in accordance with the provisions of section 2 of Article 47 of this Constitution within a period of eighteen months from the date of the President's decision, or
		ii.	by a resolution of Dáil Éireann passed within the said period after a dissolution and reassembly of Dáil Éireann.
	2.	Whenever a proposal contained in a Bill the subject of a petition under this Article shall have been approved either by the people or by a resolution of Dáil Éireann in accordance with the foregoing provisions of this section, such Bill shall as soon as may be after such approval be presented to the President for his signature and promulgation by him as a law and the President shall thereupon sign the Bill and duly promulgate it as a law.
6.	In every case in which the President decides that a Bill the subject of a petition under this Article does not contain a proposal of such national importance that the will of the people thereon ought to be ascertained, he shall inform the Taoiseach and the Chairman of each House of the Oireachtas accordingly in writing under his hand and Seal, and such Bill shall be signed by the President not later than eleven days after the date on which the Bill shall have been deemed to have been passed by both Houses of the Oireachtas and shall be duly promulgated by him as a law.

THE GOVERNMENT

Article 28.

1.	The Government shall consist of not less than seven and not more than fifteen members who shall be appointed by the President in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution.
2.	The executive power of the State shall, subject to the provisions of this Constitution, be exercised by or on the authority of the Government.
3.	1.	War shall not be declared and the State shall not participate in any war save with the assent of Dáil Éireann
	2.	In the case of actual invasion, however, the Government may take whatever steps they may consider necessary for the protection of the State, and Dáil Éireann if not sitting shall be summoned to meet at the earliest practicable date.
	3.	Nothing in this Constitution shall be invoked to invalidate any law enacted by the Oireachtas which is expressed to be for the purpose of securing the public safety and the preservation of the State in time of war or armed rebellion, or to nullify any act done or purporting to be done in time of war or armed rebellion in pursuance of any such law. In this subsection "time of war" includes a time when there is taking place an armed conflict in which the State is not a participant but in respect of which each of the Houses of the Oireachtas shall have resolved that, arising out of such armed conflict, a national emergency exists affecting the vital interests of the State and "time of war or armed rebellion" includes such time after the termination of any war, or of any such armed conflict as aforesaid, or of an armed rebellion, as may elapse until each of the Houses of the Oireachtas shall have resolved that the national emergency occasioned by such war, armed conflict, or armed rebellion has ceased to exist.
4.	1.	The Government shall be responsible to Dáil Éireann.
	2.	The Government shall meet and act collective authority, and shall be collectively responsible for the Departments of State administered by the members of the Government.
	3.	The Government shall prepare Estimates of the Receipts and Estimates of the Expenditure of the State for each financial year, and shall present them to Dáil Éireann for consideration.
5.	1.	The head of the Government, or Prime Minister, shall be called, and is in this Constitution referred to as. the Taoiseach.
	2.	The Taoiseach shall keep the President generally informed on matters of domestic and international policy.
6.	1.	The Taoiseach shall nominate a member of the Government to he the Tánaiste
	2.	The Tánaiste shall act for all purposes in the place of the Taoiseach if the Taoiseach should die, or become permanently incapacitated, until a new Taoiseach shall have been appointed.
	3.	The Tánaiste shall also act for or in the place of the Taoiseach during the temporary absence of the Taoiseach.
7.	1.	The Taoiseach, the Tánaiste and the member of the Government who is in charge of the Department of Finance must be members of Dáil Éireann.
	2.	The other members of the Government must be members of Dáil Éireann or Seanad Éireann, but not more than two may be members of Seanad Éireann.
8.	Every member of the Government shall have the right to attend and be heard in each House of the Oireachtas.
9.	1.	The Taoiseach may resign from office at any time by placing his resignation in the hands of the President.
	2.	Any other member of the Government may resign from office by placing his resignation in the hands of the Taoiseach for submission to the President.
	3.	The President shall accept the resignation of a member of the Government, other than the Taoiseach, if so advised by the Taoiseach.
	4.	The Taoiseach may at any time, for reasons which to him seem sufficient, request a member of the Government to resign; should the member concerned fail to comply with the request, his appointment shall be terminated by the President if the Taoiseach so advises.
10.	The Taoiseach shall resign from office upon his ceasing to retain the support of a majority in Dáil Éireann unless on his advice the President dissolves Dáil Éireann and on the reassembly of Dáil Éireann after the dissolution the Taoiseach secures the support of a majority in Dáil Éireann.
11.	1.	If the Taoiseach at any time resigns from office the other members of the Government shall be deemed also to have resigned from office, but the Taoiseach and the other members of the Government shall continue to carry on their duties until their successors shall have been appointed.
	2.	The members of the Government in office at the date of a dissolution of Dáil Éireann shall continue to hold office until their successors shall have been appointed.
12.	The following matters shall be regulated in accordance with law, namely, the organization of, and distribution of business amongst, Departments of State, the designation of members of the Government to be the Ministers in charge of the said Departments, the discharge of the functions of the office of a member of the Government during his temporary absenceor incapacity, and the remuneration of the members of the Government.

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Article 29.

1.	Ireland affirms its devotion to the ideal of peace and friendly co-operation amongst nations founded on international justice and morality.
2.	Ireland affirms its adherence to the principle of the pacific settlement of international disputes by international arbitration or judicial determination.
3.	Ireland accepts the generally recognised principles of international law as its rule of conduct in its relations with other States.
4.	1.	The executive power of the State in or in connection with its external relations shall in accordance with Article 28 of this Constitution be exercised by or on the authority of the Government.
	2.	For the purpose of the exercise of any executive function of the State in or in connection with its external relations, the Government may to such extent and subject to such conditions, if any, as may be determined by law, avail of or adopt any organ, instrument, or method of procedure used or adopted for the like purpose by the members of any group or league of nations with which the State is or becomes associated for the purpose of international co-operation in matters of common concern.
	3.	The State may become a member of the European Coal and Steel Community (established by Treaty signed at Paris on the 18th day of April, 1951), the European Economic Community (established by Treaty signed at Rome on the 25th day of March, 1957) and the European Atomic Energy Community (established by Treaty signed at Rome on the 25th day of March, 1957). The State may ratify the Single European Act (signed on behalf of the Member States of the Communities at Luxembourg on the 17th day of February, 1986, and at the Hague on the 28th day of February, 1986).
	4.	The State may ratify the Treaty on European Union signed at Maastricht on the 7th day of February, 1992, and may become a member of that Union.
	5.	No provision of this Constitution invalidates laws enacted, acts done or measures adopted by the State which are necessitated by the obligations of membership of the European Union or of the Communities, or prevent laws enacted, acts done or measures adopted by the European Union or by the Communities or by the institutions thereof, or by bodies competent under the Treaties establishing the Communities, from having the force of law in the State.
	6.	The State may ratify the Agreement relating to Community Patents drawn up between the Member States of the Communities and done at Luxembourg on the 15th day of December, 1989.
5.	1.	Every international agreement to which the State becomes a party shall be laid before Dáil Éireann.
	2.	The State shall not be bound by any international agreement involving a charge upon public funds unless the terms of the agreement shall have been approved by Dáil Éireann.
	3.	This section shall not apply to agreements or conventions of a technical and administrative character.
6.	No international agreement shall be part of the domestic law of the State save as may be determined by the Oireachtas.

THE ATTORNEY GENERAL

Article 30.

1.	There shall be an Attorney General who shall be the adviser of the Government in matters of law and legal opinion, and shall exercise and perform all such powers, functions and duties as are conferred or imposed on him by this Constitution or by law.
2.	The Attorney General shall be appointed by the President on the nomination of the Taoiseach.
3.	All crimes and offences prosecuted in any court constituted under Article 34 of this Constitution other than a court of summary jurisdiction shall be prosecuted in the name of the People and at the suit of the Attorney General or some other person authorised in accordance with law to act for that purpose.
4.	The Attorney General shall not be a member of the Government.
5.	1.	The Attorney General may at any time resign from office by placing his resignation in the hands of the Taoiseach for submission to the President.
	2.	The Taoiseach may, for reasons which to him seem sufficient, request the resignation of the Attorney General.
	3.	In the event of failure to comply with the request, the appointment of the Attorney General shall be terminated by the President if the Taoiseach so advises.
	4.	The Attorney General shall retire from office upon the resignation of the Taoiseach, but may continue to carry on his duties until the successor to the Taoiseach shall have been appointed.
6.	Subject to the foregoing provisions of this Article, the office of Attorney General, including the remuneration to be paid to the holder of the office, shall be regulated by law

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