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Urban regeneration and sectarian division with specific reference to segregation and the situation of enclave communities A commentary on on Urban Regeneration in Derry Londonderry Outline Strategy Proposals 1996-1999 prepared by Marie Smyth January 1996 Templegrove Action Research Limited was established in December 1993
with the aim of researching and documenting aspects of sectarian division
in the North West. In September 1994, we began a two year investigation
into segregation and enclave communities in Derry Londonderry which was
funded by CCRU, The Joseph Rowntree Trust, the Ireland Fund, and the Londonderry
Initiative. As part of that brief, Templegrove Action Research Limited
was committed to make policy recommendations on any aspect of public policy
related to sectarian division. To date, Templegrove has made submissions
to the Divisional Planning Office on aspects of area planning and sectarian
division, and to the Police Authority for Northern Ireland on policing
and sectarian division. This submission on urban regeneration falls within
that area of Templegrove's work. Methods In order to prepare this submission a number of documents were consulted
and these are listed in the bibliography. We also consulted with the local
political parties in the persons of Alderman Gregory Campbell of the Democratic
Unionist Party, Councillor Cathal Crumley of Sinn Fein, Deputy Lord Mayor
Richard Dallas of the Ulster Unionist Party, Councillor Mark Durkan of
the Social Democratic and Labour Party, David Nicholl of the Ulster Democratic
Party. At the suggestion of Sinn Fein, we also consulted with Eoin O'Brion
of Sinn Fein in Belfast. Consultations took place with experts in the field,
namely Andreas Cebulla, Director of the Northern Ireland Economic Research
Council who was employed by the DOE to evaluate the current urban policy.
We talked with Jim Smyth from the Department of Sociology at Queen's University
who has written with Andreas Cebulla on the subject of urban regeneration
in Northern Ireland. Frank Gaffikin, who, with Paul Sweeney, was employed
by the DOE to conduct the community consultation on urban regeneration
in Belfast made himself available for a consultation. We also spoke with
Geraldine Tierney of Quartiers en Crise/ Neighbourhoods in Crisis in Brussels.
We spoke to Donnie Sweeney of Gobnascale Family Centre and William Temple
of the Fountain Area Partnership, who is also a local retailer. We also
met with Luke Hasson, a member of the Derry Chamber of Commerce and a local
retailer. We are grateful to Barney Devine, Director of St Columb's Park
House for the opportunity to mull over many of the ideas presented here.
We are also grateful to all of those others who gave their time and thoughts
towards the preparation process for this submission. This report represents
a synthesis and analysis of the information and ideas gathered in these
meetings together with the ideas gathered from the documentary sources.
This does not imply that any of those consulted agree with the ideas presented
in this report, which is the sole responsibility of the author and of Templegrove
Action Research Limited. The DOE Consultation Process The consultation process engaged in by the DOE, in the course of considering
their policies on urban regeneration are amongst the most open and accessible
of any that we have experienced to date. The efforts of government departments
to access the views of local residents is a welcome departure from the
previous practices of government agencies. The employment of community
brokers for the consultation process is a useful strategy, and has added
to the accessibility of the exercise. Consultation and the democratic deficit Like the adage about the impossibility of being too rich or too thin,
it is similarly impossible for government departments to engage in too
much consultation. The so-called democratic deficit in Northern Ireland
has left many citizens cynical, apathetic and alienated from the processes
of public decision making of any kind. The kind of consultation process
used in this exercise, whilst laudable and undoubtedly a fruitful direction
to move in, should not be laden with the expectation that all citizens
will be immediately open and enthusiastic in their participation. Years
of alienation, of exclusion from decision-making and of watching public
resources being allocated in ways which many fundamentally disagreed with
yet felt powerless to challenge has resulted in not only a democratic deficit,
but also a deficit in trust - between government agencies and local citizens.
This was mentioned by one of the political representatives we interviewed
in the form of political vetting, where, in the past, certain people were
excluded from participation. The legacy of political vetting means that,
for those newly-admitted to the consultation process, there are strong
feelings about their past exclusion, and judgement is often reserved on
the value and genuineness of the present exercise. Fears about discrimination,
and the perception of being discriminated against still remain in both
communities, - perhaps most strongly expressed in the Protestant community
in the city at this point. The consultation process as it is presently
constituted, must not only remain inclusive but must be seen to be so.
In a divided city, this is not a straightforward principle to operationalise,
since people from both sides of the sectarian divide experience genuine
difficulties in participating in certain situations. Yet the principles
of inclusion, openness and public participation are among the most crucial
if we are to alter the culture of public life in the city - crucial part,
we would argue, of the regeneration of the city. The impact of consultation on subsequent policy Writing of the 1987 public consultation on the Belfast Urban Area Plan, Milton [1] states: The two-year process of public consultation resulted in very few changes,
and the objectors emerged from the debate over the transportation policy
with the clear impression that Belfast belongs to the planners who may
dispose of it as they wish. It is clearly important that the DOE not only engage in the consultation
process, but also that the impact of that process is apparent in any subsequent
stategies and plans which emerge after the end of the consultation period.
We commend the DOE for this important new departure in expanding the
consultation process. We particularly congratulate them on specifically
consulting with certain marginalised groups, such as women and young people.
1. We recommend that they give further consideration to how other
arginalised groups can be routinely included in the future consultation
processes, and what measures they could employ to facilitate the active
participation of, for example, members of the travelling community, the
deaf community, ex-prisoners, homeless people, or disabled people. 2.We recommend that the new policy be responsive to being shaped and amended by the content of submissions and face to face consultations. We recommend that the consultation process is followed through by further presentations of the draft final policy to those who were consulted and who submitted in this phase of the work. We also recommend that the effect of consultation on subsequent policy be acknowledged and credited to the relevant consultee.
How does sectarian division affect urban regeneration?
"whilst the ethnic-national conflict has been linked to space and
locality,...carefully underlining the centrality of sectarian geography,
this approach sees the latter as merely the outcome of inter-communal conflict.
It pays little attention to how the state and wider processes of economic
restructuring interact with locality and ethnic conflict." (my
emphasis) Any urban regeneration strategy for Derry Londonderry should address
the issues of sectarian economic, social, political and spatial division
as fundamental social facts. Urban regeneration planning, as other kinds
of intervention, acts - directly and indirectly - on such sectarian divisions
in ways which either reinforces or restructures the divide. The effect
of public policy on sectarian division has not been transparent since it
is rarely, if ever, directly addressed in policy statements, nor are policy
targets set on the issue so that the impact on sectarian division can be
measured. It is not an easy or straightforward issue to incorporate into
policy planning, but it is nonetheless crucial to begin to do so. Consultation
with the various interested parties is one way of ensuring that the policy
maker is aware of the differential impact of policy proposals on sections
of the population on both sides of the sectarian divide. The next step
is to address the anticipated direct and indirect effects of policy on
the various aspects of sectarian division in policy formulation, and set
targets for policy impacts. Inter-relatedness of factors Policy analysts have recognised that urban policy, like other areas
of policy, have direct and indirect, intended and unintended impacts and
consequences. In the last twenty years we have learned a little more about
these effects. At this stage, it is possible to affirm that such effects
occur and to make some predictions about the potential social impact of
economic policy and vice versa. The "knock-on effects" can be
between one policy area and another (for example, an economic policy, such
as the establishment of the A.C.E. scheme has social effects) or the "knock-
on effect " can be geographical. The potential geographic "knock-on:
effect is illustrated in the Making Belfast Work Strategy Proposals: PA Cambridge Consultants [3] pointed out in their review of the Belfast Action Team initiative that there was considerable imbalance between the number of job opportunities available and the number of people looking for work across Northern Ireland. In this context any one policy seeking to stimulate job opportunities within Belfast would probably displace job opportunities from elsewhere unless the policy was able to increase the overall volume of job opportunities. In such an overall macro-economic environment local policies find net job creation an uphill task, though justified by the imbalance in levels of relative disadvantage and prosperity across Northern Ireland. A second point made by PA Cambridge was that the nature of the difficulties faced was not purely economic, but an amalgam of economic, social and physical problemswhich, together, create conditions which can only be sufficiently flexible to recognise the complex inter-play of the economic, social and physical issues involved.[4]
3. We recommend that subsequent urban regeneration strategy should recognise the interlocking and interdependent nature of economic, social, political and spatial/environmental factors. Such strategy should be innovative and flexible, allowing for the encompassing and addressing of issues which are traditionally beyond the remit of planners. . Definition and Boundaries If we take a strictly geographic definition of the city, then we no
longer consider the needs of people or communities which lie beyond the
geographical boundary, but still have links with the city on a daily basis.
This has caused concern to some of those excluded in areas, for example,
such as New Buildings. The adoption of a strictly geographic approach has
a number of consequences. Boundaries and sectarian division Elsewhere we have documented the changing balance of population in the
city in favour of Catholics. The movement out of the cityside, has been
to some extent into the Waterside, but there has also been a fairly substantial
movement of Protestants out of the city area, we surmise, to Eglinton,
Limavady and perhaps beyond. Holding the boundary constant around the city
constant will have the effect of excluding citizens who may have strong
economic and social ties with the city, but who may have moved out, i.e.
who have geographically moved, but may still maintain the same economic
and social relationships with the city. A large number of these citizens
are likely to be Protestant. The sectarian consequences of line drawing We would argue that this has the effect of apparently excluding from
consideration those who have their primary economic or institutional relationships
within the city, but who live or have moved beyond the geographic limit
of the strategy. Since we know that those who have moved are disproportionately
Protestants, it is clear that adopting a strictly geographic approach to
the definition of the city runs the risk of consolidating the increasingly
segregated living patterns which have been an increasing trend throughout
the troubles. Urban versus rural issues: where do you draw the line? There are two other argument for reviewing the adoption of a purely
geographic definition of the city and it is related to the strategy of
concentrating on urban regeneration. First, the economic relationship of
the city with its hinterland in Donegal, and the economic potential of
cross border trade, and the financial incentives available from Europe
to encourage such developments would suggest that a more permeable boundary
around the city might be advantageous developmentally. Second, the economic relationship of the city with its hinterland in
the TTWA, - especially in the light of the outward migration of Protestants
into the TTWA - merits consideration, particularly in relation to any "knock-on"
effects of policy within the city area on the rural hinterlands, in for
example, New Buildings, Eglinton or Strabane, which is considered to be
a separate TTWA. The manner in which the city is regenerated has therefore
potentially profound effects on peripheral areas, which, we strongly suggest,
should be taken into consideration in the formulation of the strategy for
urban regeneration of the city. In the conclusion to our submission to the DOE on the Derry Area Plan,[5] we argued: ... it is necessary to pay specific attention to issues of sectarian segregation and population shifts in planning for the city and district. Locations in the city vary in sectarian composition, and the shifting balance of population is a factor which affects the nature of and quality of life. Changing balances in populations have affected the safety and comfort with which certain people can remain living in particular areas. 4. We recommend that the physical boundary around the area covered
by the strategy document be revised, and that any revised boundary be treated
as only one of a number of ways of delineating the area affected and targeted
by the strategy. 5. That the impact of any strategy on the sectarian balance in the
city be constantly monitored and evaluated with the aim of the inclusion
of both Protestants and Catholics in the social, economic and political
life of the city. 6. That the interrelatedness of the urban and rural areas be recognised
and the impact of any strategy on the rural hinterlands of the city be
considered and monitored as part of the strategic planning, implementation
and evaluation. City Centre Space and Sectarian Division The development of the city centre has been the most visible and striking
aspect of urban regeneration policy in the city to date. In terms of the
development of the city centre, the main mechanisms employed were: Urban
Development Grants,- discretionary awards for property development
and improvements for owner occupiers and developers operating within a
one mile radius of business district; and Comprehensive Development
Schemes which enabled the DOE to acquire and develop derelict land.
The Londonderry Initiative embarked on the Town Centre Development Programme,
which was evaluated as having made "a positive contribution to arresting
urban decline" City Centre According to the comments of one of the political representatives we
interviewed, the usage of the city centre varies according to religion,
Catholics entering the city centre typically at Foyle Street and seeing
the city centre as Guildhall Square and Protestants seeing the city centre
as the Diamond and entering the city centre by Carlisle Road. The city
centre is a significant social and political space. It is used in daytime
as a shopping and eating place, where specific age groups gravitate towards
different areas and facilities. Young people use it as a social space in
which to meet friends and socialise. In the evening, the nightlife of the
city includes bars restaurants, cinemas and occasional theatre productions.
It is important that the city centre is maintained as an attractive and
safe environment for public entertainment, in which all sections of the
population can participate without fear. Issues of city centre safety particularly
affect women and young people, especially young males from the Protestant
community. One of the ways of attempting to ensure a safe city centre is to maintain
a level of residential accommodation within the city centre, with a mixed
age and mixed income resident population. Galway, in its regeneration of
the city centre, required developers to provide 10% of any developed city
centre space for residential accommodation. The Fountain is a city centre
community, and there are residents in the craft village, London Street,
Pump Street, The role of this resident population is crucial in maintaining
a safe and "living" city centre. Consideration needs to be given
to the quality of life of residents in the city centre, and the impact
of the city on their living conditions. Care needs to be exercised in the
location of public entertainment facilities that potentially generate loud
noise late at night. Clearly, such facilities should not be located near
areas which house older people, such as the Fountain. Similarly, measures
to regulate car parking and traffic flow in city centre residential areas
should be adopted. The use of resident-controlled lockable parking bays
(such as are used in the Markets area in Belfast) in residential city centre
areas like the Fountain, should be given serious consideration. 7. We recommend that developers in the city centre be required to
provide at least 10% of any developed city centre space for residential
accommodation. We recommend the use of lockable parking bays in city centre
residential areas and streets. Similarly, we welcome the general upgrading of certain city centre streets, and the marked improvement in the attractiveness of the city centre. However, the attractiveness of the city centre, particularly to the evening window shopper, is marred by the steel security shuttering on shop windows, a reminder of the violence of the past. One local retailer who has devoted some thought to this issue has arrived at a solution. He proposes to install steel shutters behind the bay of his shop window, allowing the window to be
dressed and viewed freely, yet limiting any intruder's access to the window
space, since the steel shutters will prevent intruders from entering the
rest of the shop. 8.We recommend that a scheme be set up to provide advice, design
support and financial assistance to the proprietors of city centre premises
to assist with the upgrading and redecoration of the exterior of their
premises and replacement of exterior steel shuttering with suitable alternative
security arrangements. This upgrading should be designed in keeping withe
the traditions and culture of the city, and avoid the "sameness"
and Americanisation of the city centre. Public space and political and cultural expression The city centre is also an arena of political and civic expression for
its citizens. Public spaces in the city centre are used for large civic
occasions such as the Clinton visit, or the festivities at Hallow E'en.
Other smaller public demonstrations or performances are associated with
raising public awareness, or with the demonstration of political beliefs
or cultural traditions associated with both communities. The burning of
Lundy, the Apprentice Boys march, Bloody Sunday commemoration and other
marches and demonstrations and sporting events all have significance for
both communities. Our troubled recent history has made us wary of each
other's political beliefs, yet in a healthy society, political expression
is not only a basic right, but a natural part of community life. The issue
of maintaining a public space which is available to both traditions, and
creating - perhaps for the first time in Northern Ireland - the possibility
of a city centre space which can facilitate the expression of both unionist
and nationalist cultures is a new and challenging prospect. Any public
demonstrations, marches or cultural celebrations that are associated with
one community only must be organised in a way that is sensitive to the
impact on neighbourhoods they pass through, and takes into account the
inconvenience and disruption to traffic and everyday life. Ideally, arrangements
for routing and stewarding marches and demonstrations should be agreed
between the parties involved, the marchers, the residents and the local
traders. In the past, the police have negotiated such matters with the
demonstrators only. 9. We recommend that a body, composed of (male and female) community
representatives of both unionist and nationalist communities, and local
traders, be formed. We recommend that this body be responsible for receiving
and negotiating the terms and conditions of marches sporting events and
demonstrations in the city centre. We recommend that, when this body reaches
internal agreement, the police be informed of the nature and content of
the agreement between the interested parties, and that the arrangements
for any march or demonstration be finalised between this body and the police. We are concerned about the impact of Foyleside on the city centre as a retail space. A recent article in City Lights [6] referred to the economic polarisation of the city to "the gap between the 'haves' and the 'have nots'". Widespread deprivation exists in the city, and the proposed shift in strategy towards an emphasis on the Community Action Programme is a welcome recognition of this continuing level of need. However, the nature of city centre development has an impact on the "ownership" of the city centre. Smyth and Cebulla [7] (1995) have argued that: "City centres are being gentrified and transformed into arenas
of conspicuous consumption for the new upper service class." The nature of city centre development affects the deprived areas of
the city also. The provision of what Smyth and Cebulla[8]
refer to as" hyphenated employment" (part-time, low-paid)
means that many residents of outlying deprived areas can neither afford
to shop in the new and more expensive retail outlets, nor can they take
up the employment opportunities they offer, because of the poverty trap.
The impact the kind of job opportunities created in city centre development
has had on specific deprived communities in the city remains to be quantified.
Unemployment and deprivation remain serious problems, to be addressed,
not only through social policy interventions:- the effects of economic
policy on deprivation should also be charted. It is important the city
centre is a space which belongs to all citizens, not just to those who
can afford to shop in the more up-market retail outlets. Concern has been expressed at the availability of the jobs created in
developments such as Foyleside to local people. The casual observer notes
that many of those employed in the (higher paid) management jobs in such
developments appear to have been recruited from outside the local area,
or have been transferred from other regions into the local branch of the
company. We recognise that the skills base required may not be available
in the first instance locally. However, perhaps greater co-ordination between
the relevant Job Training agencies and the Department of the Environment
and other economic development agencies could mean that training of local
people in relevant skills could be tailored to and anticipate the needs
of incoming employers. 10. We recommend that the city centre should contain a retail mix,
with budget shopping facilities provided as well as more expensive outlets.
The next phase of city centre development should be aimed at supporting
the development of the cheaper end of the retail market. 11. We suggest that new investors in the area should be provided
with incentives and support to develop packages which provide training
and employment for local people in middle and senior management positions
within their companies. We suggest that the nature and extent of local
employment provided by incoming companies be monitored and regularly reviewed
with each company by the main grant making body. 12. Measures to support the development of consumer co-operatives
and buyers co-operatives in areas of social need should be included in
the next phase of the Community Action Programme. 13. We recommend that the usage of the city centre by residents from
deprived areas is researched and documented, and the patterns of city centre
usage are used to inform future city centre development. 14. We suggest that the indirect effects of current city centre development
on expectations of employment and quality of life in designated deprived
areas in the city is researched. The impact of Foyleside on local businesses was also a matter which
we considered. We were specifically concerned about the impact of this
on the religio-political mix of the business community in the city, but
were not able to locate data on this issue, yet it remains a matter of
concern. We consider the potential loss of Protestant businesses from a
predominantly Catholic city to be detrimental to the social and political
environment of the city, and to any claims that the city might make about
its inclusiveness. Ultimately, this has not only social and political effects,
but also economic effects. 15. We recommend that the religio-political mix of businesses in the city is transparently documented, monitored and reviewed on a regular basis. Whilst the attraction of trans-national retailers potentially provides
a wider catchment area for city retailers as a whole, it is also crucial
economically, politically and socially that local businesses which have
roots in the area, and which have served local communities, are also supported
in the next phase of city centre development. A substantial amount of public
money has been devoted to retail development in the city centre to date,
and no claw-back has operated for this funding. In the light of limitations
on public finance, it seemed advisable to reconsider the policy on claw-back
especially in profit making schemes. The ability of local businesses to
compete on such an uneven playing-field is a matter for continuing concern
and remains unaddressed. 16. We recommend that the next stage of city centre development is
targeted at local city businesses. 17. We urge the DOE to review the position in relation to claw-back on projects, especially in those circumstances where those in receipt of regeneration grants make profits from the project which exceed the amount of the original grant. We also note that much of the building work on city centre development sites was conducted by firms from outside the North-West. Whilst we recognise that local firms in some instances may not have had the capacity to undertake some of the larger developments, it seems desirable that where possible, local firms are used especially in projects supported from the public purse. 18. We recommend that grants for any building or development work associated with public regeneration schemes be awarded on condition that local labour is used in any building or other work associated with the project. In cases where this is not possible, grant holders should be required to seek permission from the granting authority to use labour from outside the area, as a condition of the grant.
The Londonderry Initiative's Town Centre Development Programme was evaluated
as having made "a positive contribution to arresting urban decline",
[9] and the other schemes played their part in dramatic
improvement to the city centre environment. The City Promotion scheme had
"gone some way towards restoring the social, economic, cultural and
tourism importance of Londonderry in the North-West region." 19. We recommend that the City Promotion Scheme embarks on a scheme of promoting the buying of locally produced goods, allied to the promotion of tourism in the city linked to tourism in the region, in co-operation with Bord Failte and cross border tourism operations.
Two policy initiatives employed in the past did not fare so well in
the evaluation. The Environmental Improvement Scheme which was available
to public and voluntary bodies for upgrading physical infrastructure apart
from property and the Community Action Programme did not achieve its potential.
Further, the evaluation found "no evidence of marked improvement in
the social and economic conditions of residents in the CAP (Community Action
Programme) areas." Residential space, community integrity and community
The lack of improvement in the social and economic conditions of residents
in the city's most deprived areas is rightly to provide a focus and a main
priority for the next phase of urban regeneration. Clearly, if the city
is to be a vibrant and successful place, it is imperative to address the
situation of the residential areas of the city which have continued to
bear the effects of economic recession, cuts in social, education and health
services, and other reductions on public expenditure. The strategy of targeting social need using indices of deprivation to
identify geographic communities is one which has been adopted elsewhere,
such as in the Making Belfast Work strategy. We will discuss later the
implications of the measures used to target social need, within mainstream
programmes and within special programmes such as Making Belfast Work or
this programme. Here, we wish to discuss the issue of sectarian segregation
and its implications for social and community interventions. Segregation Residential segregation has been an increasingly marked feature of residential
areas, most notably of public housing areas and areas in the lower socio-economic
group, since the late 1960's. Segregation has often meant that cities in
particular have a "sectarian geography" whereby many Catholics
and Protestants live in defined communities which are identifiably Protestant
or Catholic. It is also clear that the level and nature of social need
varies between Protestant and Catholic areas, and we will discuss this
at greater length in the next section. Two particular features of segregated city life have been of particular
concern to us. The first is the so-called "greening" of cities
in Northern Ireland, whereby both Derry Londonderry and Belfast have experienced
a change in the sectarian balance of the population in favour of Catholics;
the second concern is the situation of enclave areas within the city. Both
of these are underpined by a concern about the changing nature and dynamics
of segregation. Much debate has centred around the desirability or otherwise of segregation,
which has been an abiding feature of life in the city and integration if
often posed as an alternative, or as a "solution". It is undoubtedly
the case that segregation in the area has negative effects, amongst which
are the loss of the opportunity to interact on a daily basis and learn
about the "other" community. The resultant gap in knowledge and
experience can all too easily be filled by myths and stereotypes, which,
in turn, fuel fear and resentment. Segregation, by setting up known "Catholic"
and "Protestant" areas, can also serve to facilitate some of
the violence that some residents in segregated areas sought to avoid by
moving to live in "safe" areas: segregated areas can be sitting
targets for sectarian attack. Current "practice wisdom" in community development and in
community relations work holds that community development and other forms
of intervention should employ the strategy of working within segregated
areas in "single identity work", rather than pursue or impose
any artificial "cross community" policy which does not reflect
the priorities of those living in segregated areas. The origin of the current patterns of segregation lie in the street
violence and burning of houses in the late 60's and early 70's. People
live and have lived in segregated areas for reasons of safety and protection;
the idea of living elsewhere can be fearful. The solution to segregation
may therefore not be to engineer integration, but rather, by adopting measures
which increase residents' feelings of safety, supporting residents' choice
to live wherever they choose, and by facilitating the building of confident
identities within those enclave communities in the first instance, the
need for segregated living may be diminished. One of the difficulties of designing social policy based on conceptions
of communities as primarily geographic entities is that, since segregation
is also geographically operational, such social policy can simply replicate
sectarian division, without offering any method of moving beyond sectarian
division for those who are ready to do so. A strategy which provides resources,
not only for geographically defined communities, but also makes provision
for "communities of interest" offers a parallel and complimentary
method of targeting social need which offers the potential to move beyond
sectarian division. By "community of interest" we mean communities
which hold factors other than geography (or politico-religious identity)
in common, - factors such as single parenthood, aging, caring responsibilities,
or physical or emotional illness or disability. These communities of interest
span the geographic communities throughout the city area. Schemes designed
to address the needs of such "communities of interest" on a city
wide or ward-wide basis would offer to individuals and groups within geographically
defined communities the opportunity to work within the "community
of interest", which exists both within and beyond their immediate
area. These "communities of interest" could be targeted on an area
wide or a city-wide basis, and resources should be devoted to the establishment
and consolidation of a city wide or area wide grass-roots network within
each community of interest, composed, not of professional or voluntary
workers, but rather composed of those members from within the "community
of interest" itself. These networks would provide a useful alternative
dimension to the existing geographically defined community networks, and
could offer advice, challenge and the potential of cross-fertilisation
with geographically defined communities, which are often segregated in
sectarian terms. The creation of such networks and the empowerment of such
communities of interest has the additional benefit in policy terms of devoting
resources directly to needs of marginalised groups and putting an additional
mechanism in place which can "monitor from the grassroots," and
lobby where necessary to increase the inclusiveness of existing community
groups. 20. We recommend that indicators of deprivation which identify geographic areas of social need should only be deployed alongside another method of targeting social need and priority groups in the community. The method we suggest is the targeting of "communities of interest" such as single parents, older people and disabled people and their carers.
Widening networks In order to broaden the vision of communities, and maintain their links
with new developments both within Northern Ireland and within other similar
cities in the European Union, it would be useful if Derry Londonderry was
connected to some of the European networks such as European "Quartiers
en Crise" network. Membership of such networks provides opportunities
for local people to learn about what other cities elsewhere have achieved
and how they have achieved it. Within the new community development programme,
the inclusion of study visits for community activists to communities in
Belfast, and other relevant cities in the European Union would ensure that
local activists had the opportunity learn from the developments elsewhere,
and to feature the achievements of local communities. Study visits would
be particularly useful in relation to economic regeneration programmes. 21. We recommend that Derry Londonderry become a member of the Quartiers
en Crise network in Europe. 22. We recommend that a study visit programme for community activists
be established. 23. We recommend that all grants and schemes should be equality proofed,
so that all groups must account for how they involve women, young people,
older people, disabled people, those from other communities and so on.
Equality proofing does not rule out the possibility of single identity
work on any given identity position, but it means that recipients must
indicate an awareness of the range of marginalised groups and argue for
the focus of their work. The needs of enclave areas In the conclusion to our submission to the DOE on the Derry Area Plan[10], we argued: There is a strong argument for making a special case of the needs of enclave areas. It may be, for example, that such areas should be regarded as villages or small settlements, even when they occur in urban settings. This would allow planners to formally recognise the integrity of such areas, their fears, special needs and their internal cohesion. If, as we argue earlier, the solution to segregation is not engineered
integration, but rather increasing the perceived and actual safety of enclave
communities, then special attention and support should be available to
enclave communities. This support could take the form of special assistance
with street lighting and security, especially on the periphery of enclave
areas, and enhanced levels of support for community facilities in such
areas. As we argued elsewhere, enclave areas, like rural communities, may
be providing facilities for relatively few people, in comparison to other
communities who are not isolated in the same way. This principle should
be accepted in relation to any grant applications, and any evaluation of
cost effectiveness needs to be adjusted to allow for this "enclave
factor".
25. We recommend that assistance be provided specifically to enclave
communities in the city to participate in networking with other enclave
communities within and beyond the city area. Community development and targeting unemployment: socially useful
employment and social deprivation. In community development terms, problems of unemployment, the lack of
services such as home help services for older and disabled people and childcare
services for families with young children, high levels of debt, vandalism,
poor physical and mental health, and high levels of benefit dependency
are characteristic of many of the areas in which community initiatives
operate. In the past, the ACE scheme has been one of the few vehicles for
the provision of community based employment aimed at meeting local needs.
The problems with ACE schemes, namely their short term nature, the low
levels of pay, and the lowering of job expectations, and the lack of continuity
and stability within organisations heavily dependant on ACE labour have
been documented elsewhere. Yet much of the work undertaken on community
based ACE schemes, such as redecorating houses, welfare rights work, and
childcare provision are socially useful, and of benefit to the community.
The provision of quality training and properly paid and longer term employment
at a local level to meet existing and already identified social needs in
areas, would act to solve the employment issues in local areas whilst meeting
social needs. The provision of training for local people in a range of
areas, and the use of the "house party" model of training, which
was used successfully in education on child abuse elsewhere in the city,
opens the possibility of meeting the health education needs of the community.
The kind of scheme used in the Brownlow project in Craigavon engaged trained
lay indigenous workers in health and social education schemes in the mental
and physical health fields. 26.We recommend that local community schemes aimed at the creation of socially useful employment which addresses the community's social, educational and health needs be supported. The employment should incorporate proper training, and wages should be set at a realistic and fair level. Job creation schemes should prioritise quality jobs - i.e full-time, properly paid with promotion prospects. Unemployment and differential rates of unemployment as a highly significant
issue in the sectarian dynamic. Perceptions of discrimination - perceived
gains as loss to the other side. Monitoring of impact of regeneration strategies
on unemployment rates and a transparent audit and open reporting of the
jobs created by religion/politics, gender, age, tenure, hours per week,
and occupational category. Clear employment targets need to be set, which
are discussed in advance: Priority given to jobs which address the highest
priority groups in terms of unemployment: priority to Rural housing provision One public representative raised the issue of housing provision in rural
areas and the nature of housing developments in rural areas. Previously
in rural areas, housing was provided in housing estates in ways that does
not readily fit with the social patterns of rural life. One representative
expressed the view that the provision of rural housing should not be in
estates but in single or double houses, perhaps in the manner of the old
government cottages built by the Housing Trust and district councils in
the 1950's. 27. We recommend that the provision of housing in rural areas take
account of the nature of community life in rural areas, and the practice
of building multiples of housing units on one rural site be reviewed. Targeting Social Need: Indicators of Deprivation and
Sectarian Division We welcome the increased concentration on areas of social need and the
decision to focus on deprivation and social need in the next phase of the
local urban regeneration strategy. There are a number of comments which
we would like to offer in relation to targeting social need and indicators
of deprivation. Local effects of wider regional policy Policy makers often make the point that schemes which target social
need or address aspects of deprivation are often, in effect, attempting
to ameliorate the gaps or failures in mainstream policy and provision.
In the case of social deprivation in the city, there has been recent attention
in the press to cuts in health and social services budgets for the Western
area. This indicates the shrinking nature of mainstream programmes in health,
social services and education. Real gaps and failures to address need in
mainstream programmes create social problems in local communities. To ameliorate
this situation, one can either set up special schemes to address the problems,
or one can address the gaps in the mainstream programmes which gave rise
to many of the problems in the first place. Further, there is a certain
irony attached to the sophisticated and careful consideration given to
the kind of indicators of social deprivation to be used in the allocation
of resources within ameliorative programmes in the light of the fact that
mainstream funding for health and social services in Northern Ireland is
allocated to the various Boards and Trusts simply on a capitation basis,
without regard for deprivation factors. This method of allocation of funding
has been introduced within the last year. Prior to that, resources were
allocated based on expenditure in the previous financial year. 28. We recommend that the Department of the Environment presses for a working party to be set up involving all central and local government agencies, and voluntary agencies involved in designing and implementing intervention programmes aimed at deprivation. The brief of this working party would be to arrange for the methods and measures employed in measuring need and allocating expenditure to geographic or budget areas to be researched and documented. The aim of such research would be to make recommendations on how deprivation and social need can be identified and addressed within Northern Ireland in a manner which is (a) equitable and (b) coherent between geographic areas, groups within the community and between budget areas, programmes and measures. It is the role of political representatives in Northern Ireland, and
likewise in the city, to represent the interests of the constituency they
serve. This can mean arguing for, and aggressively pursuing, resources
for their area. In the context of a geographically segregated society,
and one in which voting patterns are shaped by sectarian division, political
representatives must find arguments to support their case for their own
constituency. Given the principle of allocating scarce resources to the
areas of greatest need and the use of indicators of deprivation in the
allocation of resources, it has become necessary for political and community
representatives to competitively argue the case of the greater level of
need in their area. To do this they must find evidence to support their
case, and, implicitly, to challenge the case put forward by other areas'
representatives. This can lead to a culture of discussion which is characterised
by the misinterpretation of evidence, the skewing of the interpretation
of evidence, the denial of the legitimacy of the needs of other communities,
contests over the relative scale of deprivation, and the denial of past
or current discrimination suffered by the other side. The time and energy
of political and community representatives goes into the preparation of
such evidence and arguments. The danger is that this acts to perpetuate
what one representative referred to as "a grievance culture"
in both Catholic and Protestant communities. The areas which have experienced
the worst ravages of poverty unemployment and other forms of deprivation
are almost invariably the same areas which have suffered most in terms
of sectarian violence and the troubles. Feelings of deprivation and neglect
in these communities are compounded by the fear, anger, mistrust and, in
some cases bitterness due to their experiences of sectarian violence and
the troubles. Public representatives devote time and energy to making arguments which
highlight the levels of need in their area, and to gathering evidence to
support such arguments, often at the expense of a more innovative and co-operative
approach - yet the system of resource allocation, as it is currently constituted,
together with the realities of segregation, leave them with few, if any,
other ways of proceeding. It is a matter of grave concern that this state
of affairs appears to act to deepen sectarian division between the two
communities in the city, rather than otherwise. Developments, such as the City Partnership, hold the potential for the
development of a more unitary approach which might begin to acknowledge
the diversity and interconnection between different forms of deprivation
and build a co-operative rather than a competitive ethos. However, there
is also a need for an audit of present policies in terms of how they impact
on the sectarian divide in the city. There are other arguments for revisiting the issue of allocation of
resources to areas which score highest on indices of social deprivation.
To base resource allocation solely on this method restricts programmes
of intervention focussing on the highest levels of measured need, and on
the most difficult or most entrenched situations. Yet some of the most
effective use of resources may involve setting up some early intervention
or preventative schemes which arrest the development of severe problems,
-problems which are often less amenable to intervention in the medium or
long term. 29. We suggest that any indicator of deprivation is used alongside
other strategic targets and objectives, such as encouraging preventative
projects or early intervention schemes. Measuring social deprivation A further area of concern is that current indicators tend to employ indicators which are aggregated measures of individual or family circumstances, such as unemployment or health. Yet some of a community's well-being depends on, for example, (i) the existence of an energetic and effective network of community organisations, the (ii) availability of accessible educational, health and social care amenities within the community, (iii) a balanced population age structure and profile that is not skewed towards any one age section of the population, (iv) a stable population, (v) low levels of vacant or derelict houses, (vi) access to good educational, and employment opportunities, access to a means of political expression and redressing grievances. There is evidence that some of these characteristics are more found more often in Catholic than in Protestant areas. We know that, for example, Protestant enclave communities in general, experience high levels of outward migration, high levels of vacant or derelict housing, typically contain disproportionate numbers of older people, yet might have lower levels of unemployment.[11] 30. We would recommend that the different nature of deprivation in Protestant and Catholic communities be taken into account in designing or adopting any index or measure to target social need. 31. We would suggest that the adoption of any index or measure is
discussed with political and community representatives from both Catholic
and Protestant communities, and their views used to "fine tune"
and "sectarian-proof" any measure adopted. 32. We suggest that further research and statistical work should
be devoted to this issue, before an index can be created which is sensitive
to differences in Catholic and Protestant communities and which can address
these issues effectively. 33. We strongly recommend that the DOE address these issues at an
early stage, and, in doing so holds consultations with all interested parties,
including political and community representatives. To fail to address these
issues at an early stage is to run the risk of further compounding existing
divisions and the sense of grievance which is common to both communities.
34. We recommend that any allocation of monies to Protestant and
Catholic communities in the area is transparent. We also suggest a system
of open monitoring, accounting and evaluation of grants to Protestant and
Catholic areas and projects, so that the amount of money allocated to each
community is known and openly discussed at the policy proposal, implementation
and evaluation stages
Summary of recommendations 1. We recommend that they give further consideration to how other
marginalised groups can be routinely included in the future consultation
processes, and what measures they could employ to facilitate the active
participation of, for example, members of the travelling community, the
deaf community, ex-prisoners, homeless people, or disabled people. 2. We recommend that the new policy be responsive to being shaped
and amended by the content of submissions and face to face consultations.
We recommend that the consultation process is followed through by further
presentations of the draft final policy to those who were consulted and
who submitted in this phase of the work. We also recommend that the effect
of consultation on subsequent policy be acknowledged and credited to the
relevant consultee. 3. We recommend that subsequent urban regeneration strategy should
recognise the interlocking and interdependent nature of economic, social,
political and spatial/environmental factors. Such strategy should be innovative
and flexible, allowing for the encompassing and addressing of issues which
are traditionally beyond the remit of planners. Boundaries 4. We recommend that the physical boundary around the area covered
by the strategy document be revised, and that any revised boundary be treated
as only one of a number of ways of delineating the area affected and targeted
by the strategy. 5. That the impact of any strategy on the sectarian balance in the
city be constantly monitored and evaluated with the aim of the inclusion
of both Protestants and Catholics in the social, economic and political
life of the city. 6. That the interrelatedness of the urban and rural areas be recognised
and the impact of any strategy on the rural hinterlands of the city be
considered and monitored as part of the strategic planning, implementation
and evaluation. City Centre Development 7. We recommend that developers in the city centre be required to
provide at least 10% of any developed city centre space for residential
accommodation. We recommend the use of lockable parking bays in city centre
residential areas and streets. 8. We recommend that a scheme be set up to provide advice, design
support and financial assistance to the proprietors of city centre premises
to assist with the upgrading and redecoration of the exterior of their
premises and replacement of exterior steel shuttering with suitable alternative
security arrangements. This upgrading should be designed in keeping with
the traditions and culture of the city, and avoid the "sameness"
and Americanisation of the city centre. 9. We recommend that a body, composed of male and female community
representatives of both unionist and nationalist communities, and local
traders, be formed. We recommend that this body be responsible for receiving
and negotiating the terms and conditions of marches sporting events and
demonstrations in the city centre. We recommend that, when this body reaches
internal agreement, the police be informed of the nature and content of
the agreement between the interested parties, and that the arrangements
for any march or demonstration be finalised between this body and the police. 10.We recommend that the city centre should contain a retail mix,
with budget shopping facilities provided as well as more expensive outlets.
The next phase of city centre development should be aimed at supporting
the development of the cheaper end of the retail market. 11. We suggest that new investors in the area should be provided
with incentives and support to develop packages which provide training
and employment for local people in middle and senior management positions
within their companies, and the nature and extent of local employment provided
by incoming companies be monitored and regularly reviewed with each company
by the main grant making body. 12. Measures to support the development of consumer co-operatives
and buyers co-operatives in areas of social need should be included in
the next phase of the Community Action Programme. 13. We recommend that the usage of the city centre by residents from
deprived areas is researched and documented, and the patterns of city centre
usage are used to inform future city centre development. 14. We suggest that the indirect effects of current city centre development
on expectations of employment and quality of life in designated deprived
areas in the city is researched. 15. We recommend that the religio-political mix of businesses in
the city is transparently documented, monitored and reviewed on a regular
basis. 16.We recommend that the next stage of city centre development is
targeted at local city businesses. 17. We urge the DOE to review the position in relation to claw-back
on projects, especially in those circumstances where those in receipt of
regeneration grants from public funds proceed to make profits from the
project which exceed the amount of the original grant. 18. We recommend that grants for any building or development work
associated with public regeneration schemes be awarded on condition that
local labour is used in any building or other work associated with the
project. In cases where this is not possible, grant holders should be required
to seek permission from the granting authority to use labour from outside
the area, as a condition of the grant. 19. We recommend that the City Promotion Scheme embarks on a scheme of promoting the buying of locally produced goods, allied to the promotion of tourism in the city linked to tourism in the region, in co-operation with Bord Failte and cross border tourism operations. Residential space, community integrity and community development
20. We recommend that indicators of deprivation which identify geographic
areas of social need should only be deployed alongside another method of
targeting social need and priority groups in the community. The method
we suggest is the targeting of "communities of interest" such
as single parents, older people and disabled people and their carers. 21. We recommend that Derry Londonderry become a member of the Quartiers
en Crise network in Europe. 22. We recommend that a study visit programme for community activists
be established. 23. We recommend that all grants and schemes should be equality proofed,
so that all groups must account for how they involve women, young people,
older people, disabled people, those from other communities and so on.
Equality proofing does not rule out the possibility of single identity
work on any given identity position, but it means that recipients must
indicate an awareness of the range of marginalised groups and argue for
the focus of their work. 24. We recommend that special attention and support should be available
to enclave communities in the form of special schemes or by enhanced levels
of support for community facilities and activities. 25. We recommend that assistance be provided specifically to enclave
communities in the city to participate in networking with other enclave
communities within and beyond the city area. 26. We recommend that local community schemes aimed at the creation
of socially useful employment which addresses the community's social, educational
and health needs be supported. The employment should incorporate proper
training, and wages should be set at a realistic and fair level. Job creation
schemes should prioritise quality jobs - i.e full-time, properly paid with
promotion prospects. 27. We recommend that the provision of housing in rural areas take
account of the nature of community life in rural areas, and the practice
of building multiples of housing units on one rural site be reviewed. Indicators of deprivation 28. We recommend that the Department of the Environment presses for
a working party to be set up involving all central and local government
agencies, and voluntary agencies involved in designing and implementing
intervention programmes aimed at deprivation. The brief of this working
party would be to arrange for the methods and measures employed in measuring
need and allocating expenditure to geographic or budget areas to be researched
and documented. The aim of such research would be to make recommendations
on how deprivation and social need can be identified and addressed within
Northern Ireland in a manner which is (a) equitable and (b) coherent
between geographic areas, groups within the community and between budget
areas, programmes and measures. 29. We suggest that any indicator of deprivation is used alongside
other strategic targets and objectives, such as encouraging preventative
projects or early intervention schemes. 30. We would recommend that the different nature of deprivation
in Protestant and Catholic communities by taken into account in designing
or adopting any index or measure to target social need. 31. We would suggest that the adoption of any index or measure is
discussed with political and community representative from both Catholic
and Protestant communities, and their views used to "fine tune"
and "sectarian-proof" any measure adopted. 32. We suggest that further research and statistical work should
be devoted to this issue, before an index can be created which is
sensitive to differences in Catholic and Protestant communities and which
can address these issues effectively. 33. We strongly recommend that the DOE address these issues at an
early stage, and, in doing so holds consultations with all interested parties,
including political and community representatives. To fail to address these
issues at an early stage is to run the risk of further compounding existing
divisions and the sense of grievance which is common to both communities.
34. We recommend that any allocation of monies to Protestant and
Catholic communities in the area is transparent. We also suggest a system
of open monitoring, accounting and evaluation of grants to Protestant and
Catholic areas and projects, so that the amount of money allocated to each
community is known and openly discussed at the policy proposal, implementation
and evaluation stages.
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of Environment's Physical Regeneration Initiatives. Central Statistics
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Ireland: A City Comparison. International Journal of Urban and Regional
Research. Autumn. Cebulla, A. and Smyth, J. (1995) Duality and Division: Deindustrialisation
and Social Structure in Belfast. unpublished paper. Clar Nua (1995) A Policy Framework for Reconstruction in West Belfast.
Belfast. Clar Nua. Department of Economic Development (December 1995) Press Notice:
Unemployment - November 1995. Belfast. DED N.I. DOE N.I.(1995) Urban Regeneration In Londonderry: Outline Strategy Proposals
1996-1999: Regeneration Through Partnership. Londonderry. DOE N.I. DOE N.I.(January 1995) Urban Initiative: Londonderry Sub-Programme Submission
(unpublished) Londonderry. DOE N.I. DOE N.I.(October - November 1995) Consultation with Women's Groups on
Outline Strategy Proposals 1996 - 1999 for Urban Regeneration in Londonderry.
(guide-lines: unpublished) Londonderry. DOE N.I. Londonderry DUP (1995) Report on Recruitment Results in the North
West: September 1995. Londonderry. Londonderry DUP. McDonough R. (n.d.) A Partnership Approach to Regeneration: Some
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and Research Branch (DOE N.I.) Murtagh, B. (1994) Ethnic Space and the Challenge to Land Use Planning:
A Study of Belfast's Peace Lines. Belfast. Centre for Policy Research.
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Programme 1995-1996. Belfast. Making Belfast Work Making Belfast Work. ( March 1995) Strategy Statement; March 1995.
Belfast. Making Belfast Work North West Community Network (December 1995) "Urban Regeneration
in Londonderry - Outline Strategy Proposals 1996-1999" Network Response
(draft). Derry Londonderry. North West Community Network. Northern Ireland Economic Council. (June 1995) The Economic Implications
of Peace and Political Stability in Northern Ireland. Belfast. Northern
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a failed 'new city'", in Curtin, C., Donnan, H. and Wilson, T.M. (1993)
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TEMPLEGROVE ACTION RESEARCH LTD A group of people from the Catholic and Protestant communities in the
North West and elsewhere in Northern Ireland came together during 1993
to examine ways of advancing the dialogue between the Catholic and Protestant
communities in the North West and beyond. After a number of meetings the
group clarified their intention to undertake the specific piece of work
outlined here. A company limited by guarantee and not having a share capital
was formed under the Companies (Northern Ireland) Order 1986. The company
was formed in order to provide a structure which would ensure democratic
management of the project. Several of the company directors are drawn from
the communities In the study, in order to ensure close contact with the
communities involved in the project. The aims of Templegrove include: - to undertake action research in the North West of Ireland - to record and publish the experiences of people in the North West
who are living with sectarian residential division - to explore ways in which sectarian residential division affects the
population structure and mix, and the welfare of the communities - to examine ways in which minorities can be sustained, and the drift
towards sectarian homogeneity be arrested - to endeavour at all times to promote improved relationships and open
dialogue between Catholic and Protestants in the local communities - to ensure that a fair and balanced representation is given to views
emanating from both the Catholic and Protestant community in the work of
the company. - to facilitate community education which addresses the issues of segregation
and sectarianism.
POPULATION MIGRATIONS AND SEGREGATION IN DERRY LONDONDERRY 1. We first examined the population figures by religion for the
entire city area, using a grid square which is approximately bounded by
Termon House on the Letterkenny Road in the South West, Drumahoe Bridge
in the South East, Thornhill College in the North East and the Sewage Works
at Elagh Road in the North West. We extracted total population figures
from the 1971, 1981 and 1991 census of population, and a breakdown by religion
for each year. (As is widely known, the figures for 1981 are not entirely
reliable due to difficulties with the return rate in that census.) TABLE 1: POPULATION OF DERRY/LONDONDERRY BY RELIGION FROM THE 1971,1981&
1991 CENSUS OF POPULATION FOR NI USING GRID REFERENCES C410150 - C464212 An examination of the figures for the urban area of the city shows a
change in the ratio of Protestants to Catholics in the city, a substantial
decline in the overall total Protestant population in the city as a whole.(See
Table 1) 2. The second examination of the statistics was aimed at establishing
internal migration within the urban area. For this purpose, an examination
of the small area statistics using grid squares was conducted. A patchwork
of grid squares which approximated the Waterside and Cityside
areas was constructed, and the total population figures, again broken down
by religion, were examined. Table 3 shows the Waterside figures,
and Table 4 shows the figures for the Cityside. TABLE 2: WATERSIDE (1): TOTAL POPULATION BY RELIGION The Waterside Catholic population figures for 1981 as with other figures
for that year, (particularly for the Catholic population) are not reliable.
Nonetheless, there has been a small increase in the Catholic population
in the Waterside, from 7708 in 1971 to 8032 in 1991: an increase of 324.
The increase in the Waterside Protestant population is somewhat larger:
from 7849 in 1971 to 9935 in 1991: an increase of 1903. An examination of the figures for the Cityside (Table 3) shows that
there has also been an increase in the Catholic population in the Cityside,
from 33951 in 1971 to 48233 in 1991, an increase of 14282.
The Protestant population, on the other hand, has decreased from 8459
in 1971 to 1407 in 1991, a decrease of 7052. This decrease of 7052 is not
offset by the increase of 1903 in the Waterside Protestant population.
The overall trend in population movement is of Protestant movement out
of the city area completely. TABLE 3: CITYSIDE(2): TOTAL POPULATION BY RELIGION Table 1 suggests that the decline in the Protestant population for the
city as a whole is 4983 over the twenty year period. Tables 2 and
3, which use different land boundaries, suggest that the overall decline
in Protestant population in the Cityside of 7052 is somewhat offset
by an increase in the Waterside Protestant population of 1903, giving an
overall decline of 5149 for the city as a whole . It seems reasonable
to conclude, therefore, that the city population of Protestants has declined
by at least 5000 people. However, this figure may be an underestimation. It has been argued that
the majority of those who respond "none" to the religion question
on the census are, in fact, Protestant. Bearing this in mind, we should
note-, according to Table 1 - an overall decline in this category in the
overall city population of 4198. There has been an equivalent increase
of 384 in the Waterside "none, other and not stated"population
in the twenty year period, giving some credence to the view that these
people are, in fact, Protestant. A corresponding decline in the same population
in the Cityside (see Table 3) of 2896 would tend to confirm this
view. This means that the overall decrease citywide in this category is
2512 people. Potentially, therefore, the population loss of Protestants
to the city is 5149 plus some of this number: a maximum potential
loss of 7661, although it is unlikely that all of the 2512 "none
other and not stated" category are Protestants. What is evident from an examination of the Cityside and Waterside figures
is an internal shift of Protestants from the west to east banks of the
city, in the context of an overall decline in the Protestant population
of the city of between five to six and a half thousand people. Some of these changes in population balance are not due to migration,
but to natural increases in the population. Migration occurs for a variety
of reasons, and sometimes a combination of several reasons: upward mobility;
acquisition of better housing; employment; decline of the area due to vandalism,
redevelopment, as well as fear, intimidation and sectarian issues. 3.We looked at the Fountain and Gobnascale as examples
of enclave communities. We examined small area statistics for two communities
within the city. 3a. The geographic definition of the Fountain community proved
problematic, in that the community boundaries have contracted with the
decline in population. We used contemporary boundaries as defined by current
residents, and the figures here are the nearest grid square data within
those boundaries. What emerges from the examination of the Fountain small area statistics
is the severity of the population decline whilst the religious balance
of the population - predominantly Protestant - remains virtually unaltered.
Our preliminary inquiries indicate that a variety of factors appear to
be involved in this depopulation: redevelopment; the housing market; a
particular form of housing blight; and sectarian issues including violence
and intimidation. What is clear is that the Fountain is a community which
requires urgent and special support, if it is to survive culturally and
socially. This means that special arrangement may need to be made to recognise
the plight of this community, which has been uniquely affected by a combination
of factors. To fail to recognise the special situation of the Fountain
and to fail to take the steps required to support the community is to contribute
by default to the processes of increased segregation and neglect which
are endangering the viability of the Fountain as a community. The Fountain,
as an enclave community, has special needs. The needs of enclave communities
deserve special recognition within the Area Plan, on a par with the attention
paid to rural village communities. 3b The population figures and religious breakdown for Gobnascale
were examined using the same definition and method of extracting the data.
Whilst the total Catholic population in the area has fluctuated slightly,
there has been a dramatic decline in all other denominations, including
a decline in the category "Other, None and Not Stated." The marked
trend towards increased segregation is evident. This trend is symptomatic
of a wider trend towards an increase in internal segregation in two
communities, which we suggest may be indicative of a wider trend towards
increased segregation. First published 1996 © Templegrove Action Research Limited Printed by Print n Press, Foyle Road, Derry Londonderry All Rights Reserved ISBN 1 900071 00 5
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